平安 (明朝)

平安
明北京行後軍都督府僉事
籍貫南直隸鳳陽府滁州
族裔汉族
字號保兒
出生不详
安徽省滁州市
逝世永乐七年(1409年)
北直隸
親屬平定(父)
朱元璋(养父)
平宏(子)

平安(14世纪?—1409年),小字保兒南直隸鳳陽府滁州(今安徽省滁州市)人,明朝建文帝的大將,曾在靖难之役多次痛擊朱棣,朱棣即位後赦免了平安,還任命为「都督僉事」,但是在數年後想起了平安,將他逼死。

生平

平安父亲名为平定,早年跟随明太祖朱元璋起兵,官至濟寧衛指揮僉事,后在跟从常遇春攻打北元都城时候战死。平安为明太祖养子,后襲父職,升任密雲指揮使,再進升右軍都督僉事[1]

建文元年(1399年),平安担任李景隆部先锋,在白溝河设伏袭击燕王朱棣,双方戰至黄昏,互有伤亡。夜深时,双方各自收兵。朱棣迷失道路,仅有三个随从,下马分辨东西后才找到本营。次日再战,平安击败房寬陳亨部。朱棣见事态紧急,亲自冒矢石力戰,后马手上箭用尽、劍折不可进攻。在登堤上,假装舉鞭招後騎以迷惑南方中央军。此时,恰逢朱高煦救援,朱棣方才脱险,被迫北返[2]

随后,朱棣再次南下,围困济南城,平安在單家橋安营,并出谋袭击燕军餉舟,并围困德州,最终解济南之围,后与吳傑定州屯兵。次年,燕兵击败盛庸,回兵进攻單家橋。平安率部出击,活捉燕将薛祿。之后在滹沱河,再次大败燕军。平安在陣中縛木為樓,發強弩射燕軍,燕军死伤惨重。后因都指揮鄧戩陳鵬等陷燕军中,平安被迫撤退[3]。燕王朱棣与中央军大战,每次亲身陷战,所向披靡,而唯独在盛庸与平安部队面前大败。滹沱之戰中,朱棣王旗上的箭矢多如刺猬毛[4]。朱棣派人送其到北京,叮嘱世子保藏,以示後世[5]

次月,燕師再次南下出击大名。平安、盛庸吳傑等分兵擾其餉道。朱棣为此担忧,派遣指揮武勝上书朝廷,请求撤免平安等部队,以作为缓兵之计。建文帝不许,朱棣于是决意南下。并派遣李遠等潛走沛縣,进行破坏。平安在真安屯兵,猜度北平空虚,于是率领万人直接进攻北平。燕王恐惧,遂派劉江等馳援,平安战不利,遂撤兵。当时大同守將房昭引兵入紫荊關,并占领易州西水寨威胁北平,平安亦在真定进行补给。建文四年,燕兵再次南下,攻下蕭縣。平安派兵攻击其后部,直至淝河。燕军白義王真劉江迎战,平安斩杀王真。后朱棣亲自迎战,平安部将火耳灰挺槊直刺朱棣,却因馬蹶被逮[6]。平安于是率部撤退,后退至小河,放左右翼攻击燕军,斩杀燕将陳文[7]。之后,再次移軍齊眉山,與諸將列陣大戰,燕军大败。此时何福率部赶到与平安部会和,燕兵大惧[8]

当时,何福欲用持久战耗损燕军,于是移營靈璧并深塹高壘以自固;然而其糧運却并燕军所断,不得使计。平安于是分兵进攻,燕王派精锐骑兵使其部队一份为二。何福不得不開壁來援,却被朱高煦所敗。諸將计谋移軍淮河以解决粮草问题,密命部队晚上听三声炮声即走。次日,燕軍偷袭并发三炮。中央军以为是己方号令,于是争先撤退,遂大乱。燕军趁乱进攻,何福单骑撤退;而平安与陳暉馬溥徐真孫成等三十七位将领都被捕[9][10]。燕兵听到后,纷纷歡呼動地,争先请杀平安。朱棣因惜其材勇,選銳卒衛送北平,命世子与郭資等人善待[11]

朱棣即位后,任平安为北平都指揮使,后升为行後府都督僉事。永乐七年(1409年),明成祖巡视北京,将抵达时,看章奏中有平安的名字,问左右:“平保兒尚在耶?”平安听到后随即自杀。朱棣后命以指揮使祿給其子[12]

参考文献

  1. ^ 明史》(卷144):“平安,滁人,小字保兒。父定,從太祖起兵,官濟寧衛指揮僉事。從常遇春下元都,戰沒。安初為太祖養子,驍勇善戰,力舉數百斤。襲父職,遷密雲指揮使,進右軍都督僉事。”
  2. ^ 明史》(卷144):“建文元年,伐燕,安以列將從征。及李景隆代將,用安為先鋒。燕王將渡白溝河,安伏萬騎河側邀之。燕王曰:「平安,豎子耳。往歲從出塞,識我用兵,今當先破之。」及戰,不能挫安。時南軍六十萬,列陣河上。王帥將士馳入陣,戰至暝,互有殺傷。及夜深,乃各斂軍。燕王失道,從者僅三騎。下馬伏地視河流,辨東西,始知營壘所在。明日再戰,安擊敗燕蔣房寬、陳亨。燕王見事急,親冒矢石力戰。馬創矢竭,劍折不可擊。走登堤,佯舉鞭招後騎以疑敵。會高煦救至,乃得免。當是時,諸將中安戰最力,王幾為安槊所及。已而敗。語詳《成祖紀》。”
  3. ^ 明史》(卷144):“燕兵圍濟南。安營單家橋,謀出禦河奪燕餉舟。又選善水卒五千人渡河,將攻德州。圍乃解。安與吳傑進屯定州。明年,燕敗盛庸於夾河,回軍與安戰單家橋。安奮擊大破之,擒其將薛祿。無何,逸去。再戰滹沱河,又破之。安於陣中縛木為樓,高數丈,戰酣,輒登樓望,發強弩射燕軍,死者甚眾。忽大風起,發屋拔樹,聲如雷。都指揮鄧戩、陳鵬等陷敵中,安遂敗走真定。”
  4. ^ 革除逸史》(卷2):“己亥,傑列營城西南,靖難兵分步卒擊其三面。傑發火器、大弩射文皇不中,矢集燕旗如蝟毛。平安結樓陣,間高數丈。文皇舍諸軍直趨樓下。安見文皇馳至,急下樓而走,傑軍亦敗。都指揮鄧戩、陳鵬皆被執,傑等還真定。”
  5. ^ 明史》(卷144):“燕王與南軍數大戰,每親身陷陣,所向皆靡,惟安與庸二軍屢挫之。滹沱之戰,矢集王旗如蝟毛。王使人送旗北平,諭世子謹藏,以示後世。顧成已先被執在燕,見而泣曰:「臣自少從軍,今老矣,多歷戰陣,未嘗見若此也。」”
  6. ^ 革除逸史》(卷2):“三月甲申,靖難兵由徐州遂趨宿州,辛卯次蒙城,壬辰次渦河。甲午,平安等逆戰,敗績。獲鐵騎指揮火耳灰及哈三帖木兒,平安變服遁走。”
  7. ^ 革除逸史》(卷2):“夏四月甲寅,安徙淝河;乙卯,與燕將王真、陳文等復戰。真後隊不繼,安麾兵圍數匝。真度不免,乃自剄;文亦被殺。是役也,文皇督戰急,幾為安㮶所及,馬蹶,文皇乃脫。裨將丁良、宋彬被執,燕軍大懼。丙辰,安營於小河南;靖難兵營於小河北。”
  8. ^ 明史》(卷144):“逾月,燕師出大名。安與庸及吳傑等分兵擾其餉道。燕王患之,遣指揮武勝上書於朝,請撤安等息兵,為緩師計。帝不許。燕王亦決計南下。遣李遠等潛走沛縣,焚糧舟,掠彰德,破尾尖寨,諭降林縣。時安在真定,度北平空虛,帥萬騎直走北平。至平村,去城五十里而軍。燕王懼,遣劉江等馳還救。安戰不利,引還。時大同守將房昭引兵入紫荊關,據易州西水寨以窺北平,安自真定餉之。八月,燕兵北歸。安及燕將李彬戰於楊村,敗之。四年,燕兵復南下,破蕭縣。安引軍躡其後,至淝河。燕將白義、王真、劉江迎敵。安轉戰,斬真。真,驍將。燕王嘗曰:「諸將奮勇如王真,何事不成!」至是為安所殺。燕王乃身自迎戰,安部將火耳灰挺槊大呼,直前刺王。馬忽蹶,被擒。安稍引卻。已,復進至小河,張左右翼擊燕軍,斬其將陳文。已,復移軍齊眉山,與諸將列陣大戰。自午至酉,又敗之。燕諸將謀北還,圖後舉。王不聽。尋阻何福軍亦至,與安合。燕軍益大懼,王晝夜擐甲者數日。”
  9. ^ 明史》(卷144):“福欲持久老燕師,移營靈璧,深塹高壘自固。而糧運為燕兵所陰,不得達。安分兵往迎,燕王以精騎遮安軍,分為二。福開壁來援,為高煦所敗。諸將謀移軍淮河就糧,夜令軍中聞三炮即走。翌日,燕軍猝薄壘,發三炮。軍中誤以為己號,爭趨門,遂大亂。燕兵乘之,人馬墜壕塹俱滿。福單騎走,安及陳暉、馬溥、徐真、孫成等三十七人皆被執。文臣宦官在軍被執者又百五十余人,時四月辛巳也。”
  10. ^ 革除逸史》(卷2):“丁丑,安軍次靈璧,靖難兵遮其餉道,福等來援。己卯,戰敗,指揮宋瑄死之。於是安及參將馬浦、徐真,都指揮孫成、禮部侍郎陳性善、大理寺丞彭與民、欽天監副劉伯完、指揮王貴皆被執。”
  11. ^ 明史》(卷144):“安久駐真定,屢敗燕兵,斬驍將數人,燕將莫敢嬰其鋒。至是被擒,軍中歡呼動地,曰:「吾屬自此獲安矣!」爭請殺安。燕王惜其材勇,選銳卒衛送北平,命世子及郭資等善視之。”
  12. ^ 明史》(卷144):“王即帝位,以安為北平都指揮使。尋進行後府都督僉事。永樂七年三月,帝巡北京。將至,覽章奏見安名,謂左右曰:「平保兒尚在耶?」安聞之,遂自殺。命以指揮使祿給其子。”

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