布農族征伐太陽傳說

布農族祭月傳說布農語buan minhamisan)一詞起源於台灣原住民布農族流傳南島語族所共有的「征伐太陽傳說[1][2]

相傳於太古時代,天空有二顆太陽,日夜輪替照耀大地,人民苦不堪言,而產生了布農族人射日之傳說,也因為經過這樣的磨擦,太陽布農族人經過溝通後,產生了月亮夜晚輪替,使四季倫常;而布農族則需施行祭儀,依時節運作,繁衍後代,當小米收成晒乾堆疊儲存時,布農族人會在此時舉行冬天月祭,這就是傳說中布農族與月亮的約定[3]

內容

太陽變月亮

相傳在很久以前的太古時期,天空有兩顆大太陽,分別是太陽哥哥與太陽弟弟輪番不停照耀大地,世界沒有晝夜之分,人們苦於炎熱、花草樹木枯死、河水乾涸、農作物難以生長,但為了生存,布農族人仍不停地奮力工作,苦不堪言。

有一天,一對布農夫妻到耕地裡工作,把尚在襁褓中的次子帶往田裡照顧,並放置於耕地旁的茅草寮,夫妻耕作到一半休息時,母親要去餵食小嬰兒,卻發現小嬰兒竟不見其蹤影,只看見一隻蜥蜴正在包裏著嬰兒的布裡,便知曉她的小孩,被太陽哥哥的炎熱晒成了蜥蜴(布農語:sisiun)。父親生氣至極,便決定攜帶大兒子要去征伐太陽,以報殺子之仇。

父子倆攜帶,踏上復仇之路,[a]沿路種植柚子樹(布農語izukdaing / izuksulain)和橘子樹,走過無數的河流山澗,翻越荒野山嶺,朝向太陽出沒地走了數十年,終於抵達世界盡頭,找到太陽居住地。[b]一開始,他們躲在一顆石頭後方欲瞄射,但因陽光強烈刺眼而無法瞄準。又躲到芋頭葉下試射太陽,但還沒有瞄準好,芋頭葉就被曬的枯乾了,於是改躲到香蕉葉下,結果也是一樣。最後,他們利用了山棕(布農語:asik / asikav / a-sik-kaz)葉耐熱特性,於葉片之間的空隙瞄準太陽,太陽哥哥在未設防線下,被射中了右眼。[c]

被射中的太陽哥哥,忍著痛伸手捉住這對父子,並大怒質問,為何無緣無故的射殺他。父親便把在兩個太陽不停照耀下酷熱難當生靈塗炭、小兒變成蜥蜴一事告訴了太陽哥哥,當太陽哥哥聽完父親的敘述之後,太陽哥哥同情這位父親的遭遇並說:「你們每天的生活都是我們能源所賜予的,使植物得以行光合作用;萬物得以生育。」眼睛中箭受傷不再那麼耀眼的太陽哥哥允諾今後不會再有兩個太陽,地上會有白天和黑夜,也送給父子一些種子,教導他們今後如何依照圓缺變化依時栽種(布農語:buan unhuman),並且要求他們依照圓缺時節變化行祭儀,生活始能豐裕。太陽哥哥回到天上,便是現在夜裡看見的月亮,少了殺氣、厲光;多了溫柔、皎潔的白光。父親也允諾月亮,回去後會按照其教導和指示,施行祭祀,這就是傳說中布農族月亮的約定。[5][6]有些故事的版本,行動成功後從世界的盡頭返回部落,父親已死,兒子也成為白髮老人。[2]

躲藏的太陽與山羌

由於一個太陽被人射傷成月亮,另一個太陽怕的不敢升空照耀大地,於是大地陷入一片漆黑,大家無法出外工作,更尋不到食物,生活非常的困苦。

如果族人不得已一定要出門,都必須先投擲石頭,由石頭落地的聲音判斷前方是還是深淵。一位老婆婆在大地陷入一片漆黑期間家裡的水全部用完了,不得已出門前往取水,在黑暗中沒有看到在水源頭有一隻喝水的山羌,丟出去的石頭剛巧擊中它的頭部(布農語:bungu)血流如注,山羌受不住疼痛,發出生氣的吼叫聲,這時奇怪的事情發生了,躲藏的太陽竟然被山羌的吼叫聲,嚇到跳回空中重新照耀大地,人們又恢復正常的起居,但是山羌的額頭從此留下一個美麗的疤痕。布農語稱水源頭叫sinsinsakut,所以稱山羌為sakut[7]

後續

月亮的鏡子

被射中右眼的太陽變成月亮月亮每晚都會回來看看自己被射的箭傷,那一面照映月亮鏡子便被布農族人稱呼其為「月亮的鏡子(Cidanumas buan,嘉明湖)」[8]

月巨人

太陽被射中右眼後成為月亮,並跌落至山上變成巨人,巨人向族人索要被子(Kulig-daigaz)擦拭血液,後來巨人訓斥族人的祭祀方式與禁忌,且賜予族人琉璃珠(Matalunas)[9]

註釋

  1. ^ 卓社群流傳的故事版本,父子是從卓社大山布農語Kanopan)出發[2]
  2. ^ 有些傳說版本,世界盡頭太陽居住地在東郡大山(布農語:Hahais[郡社群]、Kakais[巒社群]),另一說法在大石公山(布農語:Hato Kokoab[4]
  3. ^ 有些傳說版本,太陽哥哥被射中後摔落到Ubuan,傳說在仁崙山下方。[4]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 阿浪‧滿拉旺, 孫大川/總策劃; 文魯彬譯. 【台灣原住民的神話與傳說】6布農族:與月亮的約定. 台灣: 新自然主義. 2016-08-24. ISBN 9789576968303. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 鹿野忠雄. 卓社大山之行. 山と雲と蕃人と [山、雲與蕃人]. 由楊南郡翻译 漢譯初版. 台北: 玉山社. 2000年2月: 257 [日文原版1941年8月 東京:中央公論社]. ISBN 957-8246-33-1. 
  3. ^ 田哲益、全妙. 布農族口傳神話傳說. 台灣: 臺原. 1998-06-15. ISBN 9579261830. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 方有水; 印莉敏. 兩個太陽的故事. 布農-傳說故事及其早期生活習俗. 南投水里: 玉山國家公園出版社. 1995年11月30日: 20 [2021年12月9日]. (原始内容存档于2021年12月9日). 
  5. ^ 布農族祭月傳說. 台灣大百科全書. 2011-08-15 [2018-0814]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-14) (中文(繁體)). 
  6. ^ 射日傳說:改變世界卻不居功的無名英雄. 觀點傳媒. 2015-04-27 [2018-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-23) (中文(繁體)). 
  7. ^ 布農族的月亮神話. [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-01). 
  8. ^ "月亮的鏡子" 布農宣告嘉明湖傳統名页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),2015年7月22日查閱
  9. ^ 歐陽玉著、余錦虎譯. 《神話.祭儀.布農人:從神話看布農族的祭儀》. 晨星出版社. 2002-01-30 [2021-09-08]. ISBN 9789574551187. (原始内容存档于2019-08-06). 

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