天然鈾

天然鈾（Natural uranium，NU，Unat[1]）即與自然界同位素比率（豐度）相同的鈾，包含0.711%鈾235，99.284%鈾238，以及0.0055%鈾234。約2.2%的放射性來自鈾235，48.6%來自鈾238，49.2%來自鈾234。

天然鈾可作為高或低功率反應堆的燃料。歷史上，石墨慢化反應堆和重水慢化反應堆一直用金屬（）或二氧化鈾 （），以及陶瓷形式的天然鈾作燃料。然而，三氧化鈾（）和八氧化三鈾（）作为實驗燃料，展现出良好的前景。[2]

輕水反應堆或核武器中，仅0.72%的鈾235不足以維持鏈式反應，必須用濃縮鈾。核武器的鈾235濃度為90%，輕水反應堆的鈾235濃度約3%。[3]未濃縮的天然鈾可作為重水堆的合適燃料，如CANDU反應堆。

在地質歷史早期，鈾235更豐富時，鈾礦石在極少數情況下自然裂變，形成天然核反應堆。與鈾238（半衰期45億年）相比，鈾235衰變較快（半衰期7億年），前者衰變極其緩慢，因此十億年前的鈾235存量為現在的兩倍。

曼哈頓計劃期間，Tuballoy用作指代精煉狀態的天然鈾，這詞仍然偶爾使用。第二次世界大戰期間亦用「X-Metal」為鈾的代號。同樣，濃縮鈾稱為Oralloy（指橡樹嶺合金），貧鈾稱為Depletalloy。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Nuclear Fuel Cycle Overview. World Nuclear Association. October 2014 [2014-10-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-30）. 
  2. ^ Oak Ridge National Laboratory (编). Design Parameters for a Natural Uranium UO3- or U3O8-Fueled Nuclear Reactor (PDF). [2022-02-09]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-05-13）. 
  3. ^ Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.J.; Seaborg, G.T. Chapter 16 Nuclear Reactor Chemistry. Modern Nuclear Chemistry (PDF). 2006 [2022-02-09]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）. 

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