大陳新村是指1955年大陳義胞從浙江沿海大陳等島嶼撤退到台灣，中華民國政府為安置來台的大陳義胞所興建的住宅。
大陳義胞來台之前，政府成立「大陳地區反共義胞來台輔導委員會」（以台灣省主席與內政部部長為召集人），以統合所有的安置過程。大陳義胞來到台灣後，首先接送到基隆市所設置的臨時招待所居住，做為初步安置，並開始選定大陳新村的位置，處理相關土地與房舍事宜。後來政府決定將大陳義胞安置在宜蘭縣、花蓮縣、台東縣、高雄縣、屏東縣、台北縣、基隆市、桃園縣、新竹市、南投縣、台南市、高雄市等十二個縣市，建立三十五個大陳新村供其居住。
大陳新村的建立，主要由「大陳地區來台義胞就業輔導委員會」負責，上述十二個縣市當中，主要以宜蘭、花蓮、台東、高雄、屏東五縣為主，地點的選擇考量到安置人民的就業和發展環境等因素，東部因地廣人稀，較適合大陳新村的建立，屏東與高雄則是有良好的農業環境與漁業資源，對大陳義胞就業上有相當的幫助。
大陳義胞以籍貫與職業二大項，做為分配到大陳新村準則，籍貫上大致分為四項：
職業則以農業、漁業、手工業與商業來區分，但並不是只有單一職業村，有時會有農漁、漁商、工商等混合職業村，較特別的是分發到南投縣埔里鎮的紹興新村，義胞主要在埔里酒廠裡工作；台南市南區的博愛新村，則是唯一以商業為主的大陳新村；其他如以碼頭工人為主的高雄市旗津區實踐新村、以漁產加工為主的新竹市北區信義新村。
政府對建立新村是採取「自己的家要自己興建」的立場，房屋材料由政府採買，所需之勞動力（粗工和小工）則由大陳義胞負責，每戶需派出一名青壯人手協助興建，至於技術部分是由政府聘請師父，分工合作來完成。大陳新村內的房屋以人口數量來分配，共分為三種：
因居住的空間非常小，扣除睡覺的床位與一張桌子外，幾乎沒有其他空間，所以居民都在前後左右加蓋，以爭取空間的利用。另外，大陳新村還有幾項公共設施：
大陳新村在經過五十多年的發展，各村因先天與後天的條件不同，發展情況各異，目前較完整的大陳新村主要為永和區的五和新村、花蓮縣的大陳一、二村（復興一、二村）、高雄市林園區的力行新村與屏東縣新園鄉的中興新村。其他大陳新村有的沒落、有的廢村，甚至因人口的外移，導致大陳新村內無大陳義胞居住的現況。
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