大汶河

大汶河
2023年夏 官场村南摄
大汶河在山东的位置
大汶河
河口在山东省的位置
流域
水系黄河水系
流向西
源頭牟汶河源
 • 位置沂源县大张庄镇沙崖子村
 • 坐标35°59′28″N 117°57′47″E / 35.991°N 117.963°E / 35.991; 117.963
第二源头柴汶河源
 • 位置沂源县大张庄镇牛栏峪村
 • 坐标35°58′08″N 117°56′56″E / 35.969°N 117.949°E / 35.969; 117.949
河口大清河口
 • 位置东平县州城镇马口村
 • 坐标35°55′44″N 116°15′54″E / 35.929°N 116.265°E / 35.929; 116.265
 • 海拔41米(135英尺)
落差362米(1,188英尺)
流域面積9,069平方公里(3,502平方英里)
本貌
長度208公里(129英里)
流量 
 • 平均流量0.006立方米每秒(0.21立方英尺每秒)
特徵
左岸支流新甫河、莲花河、汶南河、惠河、陶河、石良河、柴汶河、潮河、苗家河和汇河
右岸支流辛庄河、孝义河、嘶马河、方下河、瀛汶河、庞河和浊河
地图

wèn,古称汶水,又称汶河,是黃河的一条支流,位于中国山东省境内。

历史

早在史前时代,汶河流域即出现了大汶口文化,遗址位于岱岳区大汶口镇。陶器发达,有类似文字的记号。

汶水汤汤,行人彭彭。
……
汶水滔滔,行人儦儦。

——《诗经·国风·齐风》載驅

地处接近文明发源处,《诗经·国风·齐风》《尚书·禹贡》和《汉书·地理志》都记载了汶河。汶河变迁受黄河变迁影响大。北魏时,汶水在今梁山县小安山南注入济水。北宋时,汶水与济水汇为大清河,处梁山泊北。咸平年间,汶河下游入济水河道淤积,一绕东平城东,夺漆河道北流,一绕城南入大清河。南宋建炎二年(1128年)黄河人为决口,夺淮河道入海。永乐九年(1411年)建设会通河,注汶水入运河,分在宁阳县和东平县筑坝。满清咸丰五年(1855年)黄河改道借济水入海[1],汶河注入黄河,河口移到鱼山[2]。1938年(民国27年),国民政府在上游花园口处人为使黄河决堤,黄河夺淮入海,使东平湖一度干涸。抗日战争胜利后,1947年(民国36年)修补黄河缺口[3],汶河重新注入黄河。

1934年 津浦铁路大汶河桥

1949年后注重治理汶河。1950年,加固东平县内4座坝。1952年,宁阳县、肥城县和东平县新建丁坝7座,重修1座,整修5座。1958年建成东平湖水库。次年在戴村坝分水入小汶河处筑坝堵塞,大汶河演变成河道。至1985年,下游三县两岸共有石砌岸滩27.7公里,建立丁坝35座,三角坝6座[2]。1997年,济宁市投资550万元,汶上县投资620万元,在一个月内加固堤防14.89公里(9.25英里)。1998年至1999年,莱芜市在孝义河试验修建3座堤坝。2000年,莱芜市花费约2,160万元修复部分堤岸,标准为50年一遇。2001年7月,泰安市投资2,300万元完成戴村坝整修工作。2003年,在牟汶河上修建西海公园橡皮坝,长330米(1,080英尺),高3.5米(11英尺),并加固和修复附近上下游堤岸,用资约2,879万元。同年,泰安市斥资2,260万元加高大清河北岸。次年莱芜市又疏浚河道,在鄂庄桥附近建立2座水坝。经过整修后,汶河沿岸堤防达20年一遇水准[4]。2005年起,莱芜市政府计划三年内花费3.7亿元治理牟汶河[5]。2021年,副省长孙继业担任河长[6]

地理

牟汶河发源在莱芜区境内鲁山西侧;柴汶河发源在沂源县牛栏峪一带[7];柴汶河和牟汶河分别流淌徂徕山脉南北,绕过徂徕山后在大汶口汇合后名为大汶河[8],在东平县境内戴村坝与小清河汇流称大清河,河水季节变化很大[8]。经莱芜区、岱岳区泰山区肥城市宁阳县汶上县和东平县流入东平湖,再入黄河。全长约208公里(129英里)。

大汶河的水文特征是夏多冬少。年均径流量1.82立方公里(0.44立方英里),年均输沙量182万吨。夏季径流量远大于冬季,旱年常常断流。记录最大流量6,930立方米每秒(245,000立方英尺每秒)。年均径流量1.9立方公里(0.46立方英里)。1964年测得最大年径流量6.07立方公里(1.46立方英里),1968年测得最小年径流量0.5立方公里(0.12立方英里)[9]。大汶口和戴村坝分隔河流的上、中和下游。堤距最宽处宽1公里(0.62英里)。

流域内属温带季风气候,夏季高温多雨,冬季寒冷干燥。

莱芜市气象数据(1981年至2010年)
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °C(°F) 17.3
(63.1)
21.1
(70.0)
28.5
(83.3)
32.9
(91.2)
36.2
(97.2)
38.7
(101.7)
39.9
(103.8)
36.6
(97.9)
35.7
(96.3)
33.9
(93.0)
25.0
(77.0)
18.5
(65.3)
39.9
(103.8)
平均高温 °C(°F) 3.6
(38.5)
7.0
(44.6)
12.9
(55.2)
20.6
(69.1)
26.2
(79.2)
30.3
(86.5)
30.9
(87.6)
29.9
(85.8)
26.3
(79.3)
20.4
(68.7)
12.4
(54.3)
5.5
(41.9)
18.8
(65.9)
日均气温 °C(°F) −1.9
(28.6)
1.2
(34.2)
7.0
(44.6)
14.6
(58.3)
20.3
(68.5)
24.7
(76.5)
26.3
(79.3)
25.2
(77.4)
20.7
(69.3)
14.5
(58.1)
6.7
(44.1)
0.1
(32.2)
13.3
(55.9)
平均低温 °C(°F) −6.1
(21.0)
−3.4
(25.9)
1.8
(35.2)
8.8
(47.8)
14.4
(57.9)
19.3
(66.7)
22.3
(72.1)
21.1
(70.0)
15.9
(60.6)
9.5
(49.1)
2.1
(35.8)
−4.1
(24.6)
8.5
(47.2)
历史最低温 °C(°F) −19.3
(−2.7)
−17.0
(1.4)
−10.3
(13.5)
−3.8
(25.2)
2.4
(36.3)
9.6
(49.3)
12.7
(54.9)
12.0
(53.6)
6.3
(43.3)
−3.6
(25.5)
−12.4
(9.7)
−18.0
(−0.4)
−19.3
(−2.7)
平均降水量 mm(英寸) 5.9
(0.23)
9.3
(0.37)
16.3
(0.64)
25.4
(1.00)
55.4
(2.18)
97.4
(3.83)
197.9
(7.79)
164.7
(6.48)
65.8
(2.59)
32.8
(1.29)
16.8
(0.66)
7.5
(0.30)
695.2
(27.36)
数据来源:中国气象数据网

参考资料

  1. ^ 1855年黄河改道. 山东省情网. 2007-08-01 [2017-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-22). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 大汶河. 中国国家地理. [2023-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-23). 
  3. ^ 袁仲翔, 王质彬 & 徐福龄 1991,九、民国时期 民国27年(1938年)
  4. ^ 《水利志》·<第三篇> 河湖治理·<第二章> 黄河流域河道治理·<第一节> 大汶河治理. 山东省情网. [2023-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-24). 
  5. ^ 基础设施. 莱芜市情网. (原始内容存档于2007-09-28). 
  6. ^ 山东公布省级河湖长防汛抗旱责任分工. 山东政事. 2021-12-23 [2023-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-24). 
  7. ^ 《泰山志》·<第一卷> 自然地理·<第四类> 水系·<第一辑> 河溪 大汶河. 山东省情网. [2023-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-24). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 李思忠. 黄河鱼类志:黄河鱼类专著及鱼类学文选. 水产出版社. 2015. ISBN 9789578596771. (原始内容存档于20210215031550). 
  9. ^ 主要支流. 黄河网. [2023-07-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-28). 

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