四脚弹跳

年幼跳羚的四脚弹跳

四脚弹跳（英文：stotting、pronking或pronging）是四足动物的一种生活习性，尤其是瞪羚属 ，他们会四脚笔直地弹跳离开地面。通常，腿部都是相对僵直的，并且背部可以呈弓形，头部指向下。有证据表明，至少在某些情况下，它是一个告诉捕食者的信号（英语：honest signal），告诉他自己不值得他们捕猎。

发生

四脚弹跳常发生在北美的几种鹿种身上，比如騾鹿、叉角羚、[1]以及黑尾鹿尤其是被捕食者威胁时，[2]还有来自非洲的有蹄類动物，例如汤氏瞪羚和跳羚.[3]

四脚弹跳也会发生在驯化的牲畜身上，例如绵羊，但在牲畜中，它通常只在幼小的动物出现。[4]

可能的解释

四脚弹跳使得猎物更显眼，[5]并消耗捕食者的时间和精力以便于逃离。由于动作危险，四脚弹跳必须给动物（或其家庭成员）带来一些好处。 已经提出了许多可能的解释。[6][7]它可能是：

  1. 一种“快速逃脱或跳过障碍物”的好方法。[3][8]
  2. 反捕食者适应[6]
  3. 对其他种成员发出“报警信号”，捕食者的接近很危险，为了增加畜群的存活率。[a][6]
  4. 一种“社会凝聚力”的行为，一起合作逃脱捕食者。[6]
  5. 被捕猎者的信号（英语：honest signal）。四脚弹跳可以通过警告食肉动物自己不适合作为猎物从而阻止追捕。[6][8]
  6. 一个Amotz Zahavi（英语：Amotz Zahavi）实例的差点原则（英语：Handicap principle）。[9]
  7. “捕食者检测信号”，由此动物向捕食者发出信号，借此希望捕食者捕捉自己从而放过别的同类。[7][8]
  8. 在比反捕食者适应更能体验性选择的过程。[10]
  9. 动物的玩耍行为，尤其是年幼动物。[8]


英国进化生物学家John Maynard Smith（英语：John Maynard Smith）的结论是：“自然的解释是，四脚弹跳逃跑能力的体现”，尤其是对捕食者的信号。他还指出，“这并不像是一个障碍”，除非是它对同一物种的其他瞪羚发出信号。[3]

脚注

  1. ^ 这是选择或组选择的一个实例。

参考文献

  1. ^ Roosevelt, Theodore. Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter. C. Scribner's Sons. 1905. 
  2. ^ Stankowich, Theodore; Coss, Richard. Effects of Risk Assessment, Predator Behavior, and Habitat on Escape Behavior in Columbian Black-Tailed Deer. Behavioral Ecology. 2007, 18 (2): 358–367. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl086. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Maynard Smith, John; Harper, David. Animal Signals. Oxford University Press. 2003: 61–63 [1]. 
  4. ^ Simmons, Paula; Carol Ekarius. Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing LLC. 2001. ISBN 978-1-58017-262-2. 
  5. ^ Anon. How the cheetah lost its stotts. New Scientist. 19 June 1986: 34. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Alcock, J. (2009). Animal Behavior. (Ninth ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates Inc.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Caro, TM. The functions of stotting in Thomson’s gazelles: Some tests of the predictions. Animal Behaviour. 1986, 34: 663–684 [2016-12-31]. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80052-5. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 FitzGibbon, CD; Fanshawe, JH. Stotting in Thomson’s gazelles: an honest signal of condition (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. August 1988, 23 (2): 69–74 [2016-12-31]. doi:10.1007/bf00299889. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-25）. 
  9. ^ Zahavi, Amotz. The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-19-510035-2. 
  10. ^ Herbivores of the Pilanesberg National Park I （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, South African Lodges

外部链接

查看维基词典中的词条「stot」或「pronk」。
查看维基词典中的词条「stotting」或「stott」。

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