同言線

法罗群岛同言線
高地德語可再細分為上部德語 (綠) 和 中部德語 (藍), 並透過同言線與低地法蘭克語和低地德語區 (黃) 分隔開。主要的同言線本拉特線（分隔低地德語及高地德語區）及施派爾線（分隔中部德語及上部德語區）分別是圖中上、下兩條黑線

同言線 （isogloss、heterogloss），也稱作等語線 ，是指某一個特定的語言學特徵的分佈地理界線 ，譬如，某個元音的發音、某個詞彙的意義、或是某種句法。方言界線的劃分一般就是許多條大致重疊的同言線 。

詞源

同言線英語「isogloss」源自古希臘文 ἴσος ísos 「相同、近似」和 γλῶσσα glōssa 「舌頭、方言、語言」，其靈感源自於等高線或等壓線。雖然如此，同言線的意義並非將講相同語言的地區以線連接起來，反而是為了分隔講不同方言的地區。因此，「同言線」此名曾被建議改名為「異言線」（heterogloss，其hetero源自ἕτερος héteros 「另外、相異」）[1]。

例子

齶－噝音同言線

主条目：齶－噝音同言線

印歐語系的齶－噝音同言線源自系內語言對原始印歐語舌背音的不同演化。

唇化軟齶音: *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ
軟齶音: *k, *g, *gʰ
硬齶音: *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ

在某些分支（如古希臘語、意大利語族及日耳曼語族），軟齶音與硬齶音合而為一。

在另一些分支（如波羅的-斯拉夫語族及印度-伊朗語族），軟齶音則與唇化軟齶音合而為一。[2][3]

由於上述兩類語族在地理上各自位處相鄰的區域，前者大致位於後者西方，因此兩類可以被齶－噝音同言線分隔開。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. Language History. Current issues in linguistic theory 191. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. 2000: 170. ISBN 90-272-3698-4. 
  2. ^ Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell Publishing. 2004: 52–54. ISBN 1-4051-0316-7. 
  3. ^ Rix, Helmut. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 2001: 359. ISBN 3-89500-219-4. 

參考文獻

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