噶哈巫語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"表示"愛蘭巴宰語"，"字母(K)"表示"四庄噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用连字号(-)註記。表內詞語加上"角括號"(angle bracket)表示推測應存在的語詞。第3人稱的：近(視界內的近/on view/visible/here)、遠(視界內的遠/on view/visible/there)、無(視界外的很遠/out of view/invisible/very far away)，如:複數中性格代詞(yasia)表視界外的"他們"或"那些"。[8][9]
The Mayrinax and Wulai Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995).[15]In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound).
*The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective.
**The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped.
When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form.
宿霧語附屬人稱代詞
Kinsa
Tag-iya (primary)
Tag-iya (modifier)
Oblique
第1人稱單數
ko
ako
ko
nako
第2人稱單數
ka
imo
mo
nimo
第3人稱單數
siya
iya
niya
niya
第1人稱複數(包含式)
ta
ato
nato
nato
第1人稱複數(排除式)
mi
amo
namo
namo
第2人稱複數
kamo
inyo
ninyo
ninyo
第3人稱複數
sila
ila
nila
nila
*When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko.
Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".
dheweke kabeh (非正式，不過較少), wong-wong iku (非正式) panjenenganipun sedanten, tiyang-tiyang/ piyantun-piyantun puniku (more formal)
they, them
Javanese lacks of personal pronouns. For first person plural, Javanese use awake dhewe that means "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just dhewe, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For third person singular, Javanese use dheweke that means "itself" (cf. Malay : dirinya), from dhewe (self, alone) + -k-(as euphony) + -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic), or wonge (cf. Malay : orangnya) that means "the person", from wong (person)+ -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative).
The rest of plural pronouns uses words kabeh/ sedaya/ sedanten that all means "all" after the singular form.
所有格代詞
Aku, kowe, and dheweke have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns : griyane kula, omahe awake dhewe, dalemipun panjenengan "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)".
The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb, light colour) or postposed (after the verb, dark colour). The first are the normal subjective pronouns, the latter the stressed subjective pronouns, which sometimes implies reflexive pronouns, or with kia te in front the objective pronouns. (There are no possessions involved in the cardinal pronouns and therefore no subjective and objective forms to be considered).
Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker.
The a-class possessive pronouns refer to alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses. The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts.[35]
註釋
^Blust, Robert A. 2009. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0858836025, 978-0858836020.
^Ross, Malcolm (2006). Reconstructing the case-marking and personal pronoun systems of Proto Austronesian. In Henry Y. Chang and Lillian M. Huang and Dah-an Ho, eds, Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-kuei Li on His 70th Birthday, 521-564. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
^Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2001. "The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan." Languages and Linguistics 2.1:271-278, 2001.
^Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2005. "Tsou." In Adelaar, K. Alexander and Nikolaus Himmelmann, eds. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Psychology Press.
^Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2000. Some Aspects of Pazeh Syntax （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, No. 29, Grammatical Analysis: Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics (2000).
^Huang, Lillian M. (1995). The syntactic structure of Wulai and Mayrinax Atayal: a comparison. Bull. National Taiwan Normal University, Vol. 40, pp. 261-294.
^Adelaar, Alexander. Siraya. Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language.. 2014. ISBN 9783110252958.
^Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Tsunekazu. Linguistics Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. 東京: The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics. 1991-03.
^Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K., Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei, Taiwan: Academica Sinica.
^De Busser, Rik. 2009. Towards a Grammar of Takivatan: Selected Topics. PhD dissertation at the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
^The series of absolutive enclitics is sometimes referred to as the -ak series, a name derived from the form of the first person singular.
^The series of ergative enclitics series is sometimes referred to as the -ko series, a name derived from the form of the first person singular.
^ 29.029.129.229.329.429.5These forms are a combination of the obsolete variant of the personal article si and the absolutive enclitic form.
^When the enclitic particle -(e)n is attached, the form becomes -akon indicating that it once was -ako in the history of the language. (cf.Tagalog)
^ 31.031.1The final o is lost when the precending word ends in a simple vowel and when there are no following enclitics. Compare the following:
AsomYour dog
AsomontoIt will be your dog.
^When attaching to either of the suffixes, -en or -an, the -n of the suffix is lost.
^The 3rd person singular has no ending or form; it is inferred by context.
^ 34.034.134.2Kata, nita and kanita is not widely used. Kita was the alternative pronoun for first person dual.
^Schütz, Albert J. 1995. All About Hawaiian, U. of Hawaii Press.
延伸閱讀
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1997. "A Syntactic Typology of Formosan Languages — Case Markers on Nouns and Pronouns." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
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