南北分卷

南北分卷又稱南北卷，是指明朝至清朝初期的會試按南北分卷，南北各自錄取有資格參加殿試的舉人的一種措施。此舉是為打破進士南北比例過於懸殊的局面[1]。

背景

當時明朝南方的士人教育程度明顯優於北方，明太祖洪武年間，各科进士共有867人，其中南方士人就有620人，佔總數的71%。洪武三十年（1397年）又發生南北榜案。而从明惠帝建文元年（1399年）至明成祖永乐二十二年（1424年）間，共录取进士1938名，其中南方省籍进士為1621名，占总数的83.6%；西南省籍进士共92名，占4.7%；而北方省籍进士共有225名，僅占11.6%[2]。

實施

在進士南北比例嚴重不均衡之下，明仁宗時期，大学士杨士奇提出實行南北卷，明仁宗讚同，洪熙元年（1425年）九月，会试分南北卷。明宣宗宣德二年（1427年），明宣宗下詔正式實施南北分卷[2]，并增設中卷，規定若會試录取100名，则南卷取55名，北卷取35名，中卷取10名[3]。

明代宗景泰二年（1451年），礼部奏请会试應不分南北卷，给事中李侃等人反對。朝廷一度採納禮部的建议，但不分卷會試僅执行了一科便取消[2]。

明代宗景泰五年（1454年），明朝對南、北、中卷的区域范围进行划分。南卷範圍為应天和苏、松诸府以及浙江、江西、福建、湖广、广东等省；北卷為顺天、山东、山西、河南、陕西等省；中卷為四川、广西、云南、贵州及凤阳、庐州二府以及滁、徐、和三州[2]。

清朝的會試在清聖祖康熙五十一年（1712年）以前，沿用明朝的南、中、北分卷制度。五十二年（1713年）以後，開始確定會試按省定額錄取，取代之前施行的南北卷措施[3][4][5]。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ 「中國明代研究學會 2018 年年會暨新秀論文發表會」報導. 中央研究院明清研究推動委員會. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 从南北榜到定额取士. 贵州文史丛刊. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 科举取才中的南北地域之争 (PDF). 中國歷史地理叢論. [2020-04-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-14）. 
  4. ^ 南北卷. 國家教育研究院. [失效連結]
  5. ^ 邢春如， 李穆南. 千秋教化. 下. 

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