单元操作

单元操作是在化学工业生产中具有共同的物理变化特点的基本操作,是由各种化工生产操作概括得来的。单元操作和化工单元过程一起,组成学习化学工业生产的基础知识。单元操作是化学工程的主要研究领域。

单元操作涉及物理变化和化学变化包括:分离、结晶、蒸发、过滤、聚合、异构化和其他的反应。这些单元的原理和计算方法,可以应用到各种化工门类的设计和生产过程中。举个例子:在牛奶加工中,均质化、巴氏灭菌和包装都是单元操作,把他们连接起来就能得到完整的牛奶生产过程。一个化工过程可能需要许多单元操作才能从原料得到目标产品。

历史

历史上有一段时间,生产不同化学品的化工厂被认为是不同的工业过程,遵从着不同的原理。

亞瑟·迪宏·理特在 1916 年提出了单元操作的概念来解释化工过程[1]。 1923 年,William Hultz Walker英语William Hultz Walker沃倫·肯德爾·路易斯和 William H. McAdams 共同编写了《化学工程原理》一书,他们认为各种化学工业都遵循同样物理定律[2]。 他们把相似的过程归纳为单元操作。每一种单元操作都遵循相似的物理规律,并适用于所有相关的化工行业。例如:使用相同的工程知识,就能为凝固汽油弹和小米粥分别设计一个搅拌器,即使这两种产品的制造、使用和市场完全不相同。单元操作是构建化学工程的基础。

化学工程

化学工程单元操作分为以下几类:

  1. 流体输送过程:流体输送、过滤、固体流态化等
  2. 传热过程:换热、液化、冷冻等
  3. 传质过程:气体吸收、吸附、萃取、蒸馏、干燥等
  4. 机械操作:固体输送、破碎和粉碎、筛分等

化工单元操作也可分为以下几类结合了不同过程的操作:

  • 混合:流体混合
  • 分离:蒸馏、精馏、结晶
  • 反应:化学反应

此外,有很多单元操作甚至结合了以上分类的几种,如:反应精馏和搅拌釜反应器。 纯的单元操作是一个物理变化过程,而对混合了物理和化学变化的过程建模,需要同时考虑扩散等物理传传递和化学反应。这对催化反应的设计是很重要的,被认为是一门独立学科称为化学反应工程。 化工单元操作和化工单元过程是各种化学工业的主要原理,是化工厂设计的主要依据。

一般来说,设计单元操作从三大守恒(质量守恒、热量守恒和能量守恒)开始,先写下各组分对应传递量的守恒方程,再解方程组得到需要的设计参数,通常会得到一个范围,然后从中选取最优的方案并设计设备。 例如:设计一个板式精馏塔,先写下每块塔板的质量守恒方程,通过已知的气-液相平衡和效率,列出每种物质的的质量守恒方程,联立上述方程,解方程组可以得到一个范围。因为提高回流比可以降低理论塔板数,反之亦然。化学工程师需要在塔高、占用空间和施工成本方面找到最优的解决方案。

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Arther Dehon Little. Scatter Acorns That Oaks May Grow. MIT Libraries. [13 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-11). 
  2. ^ Arthur D. Little, William H. Walker, and Warren K. Lewis. 科学史研究所英语Science History Institute. [20 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-29). 

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