凍脹

春季解凍期間凍脹的分解。 一個6 英寸高的凍脹去除土壤後露出（從下到上）：
• 冰針，從下面多孔土壤的地下水中擠出冰凍而成
• 經過凍融的凝聚土壤
• 在頂部解凍的土壤。
照片於 2010 年 3 月 21 日在Norwich, Vermont

凍脹（英語：Frost heaving）是指當水向上進入到土壤中的冰凍溫度深度時，就結冰引起土壤向上膨脹。冰的生長需要供水，由土壤中的毛細作用將水輸送。由於上覆土壤的重量，限制了冰的向上生長，就在土壤內形成一個透鏡狀冰區域。這些冰透鏡的形成能讓土壤，上升高達 1 英尺（0.30 米）或更多。土壤必須有足夠的孔隙度讓水性通過毛細管作用上升，但孔隙度又不能太高到破壞毛細管的連續性。這種土壤被稱為“易凍層”的土壤。冰透鏡的生長能不斷消耗在冰凍前沿的上升水[1][2]。不同的凍脹會導致路面開裂——導致春季坑洼的形成——並損壞建築地基[3][4]。

冰針是在結冰季節開始時發生的凍脹，此時冰凍尚未深入土壤，沒有土壤覆蓋層可以作為凍脹[5]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Taber, Stephen (1929). "Frost Heaving" (PDF). Journal of Geology. 37 (5): 428–461. Bibcode:1929JG.....37..428T. doi:10.1086/623637. S2CID 224836578. Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
  2. ^ Rempel, A.W.; Wettlaufer, J.S.; Worster, M.G. (2001). "Interfacial Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force: Thermodynamic Buoyancy". Physical Review Letters. 87 (8): 088501. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87h8501R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088501. PMID 11497990.
  3. ^ Transports Quebec (2007). "Québec Pavement Story". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-03-21
  4. ^ Widianto; Heilenman, Glenn; Owen, Jerry; Fente, Javier (2009). "Foundation Design for Frost Heave". Cold Regions Engineering 2009: Cold Regions Impacts on Research, Design, and Construction: 599–608. doi:10.1061/41072(359)58. ISBN 9780784410721.
  5. ^ Beskow, Gunnar; Osterberg, J. O. (Translator) (1935). "Soil Heaving and Frost Heaving with Special Application to Roads and Railroads" (PDF). The Swedish Geological Society. C. No. 30 (Year Book No. 3). Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2010-03-24

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