冪等

數學裡,冪等有兩種主要的定義。

  • 在某二元運算下,冪等元素是指被自己重複運算(或對於函數是為複合)的結果等於它自己的元素。例如,乘法下唯一兩個冪等實數為0和1。
  • 一元運算冪等的時,其作用在任一元素兩次後會和其作用一次的結果相同。例如,高斯符號便是冪等的。
  • 一元運算的定義是二元運算定義的特例(詳情請見下面)。

定義

二元運算

為一具有作用於其自身的二元運算的集合,則的元素稱為冪等的(相對於)當[1][2]

特別的是,任一單位元都是冪等的。若的所有元素都是冪等的話,則其二元運算*被稱做是冪等的。例如,聯集交集的運算便都是冪等的。

一元運算

為一由映射至一元運算,則為冪等的,當對於所有在內的

特別的是,恆等函數一定是冪等的,且任一常數函數也都是冪等的。

注意當考慮一由的所有函數所組成的集合時,在一元運算下為冪等的若且唯若在二元運算下,相對於其複合運算(標記為)會是冪等的。這可以寫成

一般例子

函數

如上述所說,恆等函數和常數函數總會是冪等的。較不當然的例子有實數複數引數的絕對值函數,以及實數引數的高斯符號

將一拓撲空間X內各子集U映射至U閉包的函數在X的冪集上是冪等的。這是閉包運算元的一個例子;所有個閉包運算元都會是冪等函數。

環的冪等元素

定義上,的冪等元素為一相對於環乘法為冪等的元素。可以定義一於環冪等上的偏序:若ef為冪等的,當ef = fe = e時,標記為ef。依其順序,0會是最小冪等元素,而1為最大冪等元素。

e在環R內為冪等的,則eRe一樣會是個乘法單位元為e的環。

兩個冪等元素ef被稱為正交的ef=fe=0。在此一情形下,e+f也是冪等的,且有ee + ffe + f

e在環R內為冪等的,則f = 1 − e也會是冪等的,且ef正交。

一在R內的冪等元素e稱為核心的,若對所有在R內的xex=xe。在此情形之下,Re會是個乘法單位元為e的環。R的核心冪等元素和R的分解為環的直和有很直接的關接。若R為環R1、...、Rn的直和,則環Ri的單位元在R內為核心冪等的,相互正交,且其總和為1。相反地,給出R內給相互正交且總和為1的核心冪等元素e1、...、en,則R會是環Re1、...、Ren的直和。所有較有趣的是,每一於R內的核心冪等e都會給出一R的分解-ReR(1 − e)的直和。

任一不等於0和1的冪等元素都是零因子(因為e(1 − e) = 0)。這表示了整環除環都不會存在此種冪等元素。局部環也沒有此種冪等元素,但理由有點不同。唯一包含於一環的雅各布森根內的冪等元素只有0。共四元數環內會有一冪等元素組成的懸鏈曲面

所有元素都冪等的環稱做布爾環。可證明在每一此類環內,乘法都是可交換的,且每一元素都有其各自的加法逆元

其他例子

冪等運算也可以在布林代數內找到。邏輯和邏輯或便都是冪等運算。

線性代數裡,投影是冪等的。亦即,每一將向量投射至一子空間V(不需正交)上的線性算子,都是冪等的。

一冪等半環為其加法(非乘法)為冪等的半環

参考文献

  1. ^ Valenza, Robert. Linear Algebra: An Introduction to Abstract Mathematics. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 22 [2019-03-11]. ISBN 9781461209010. (原始内容存档于2020-11-27). An element s of a magma such that ss = s is called idempotent. 
  2. ^ Doneddu, Alfred. Polynômes et algèbre linéaire. Paris: Vuibert. 1976: 180 [2019-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-08) (法语). Soit M un magma, noté multiplicativement. On nomme idempotent de M tout élément a de M tel que a2 = a. 

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