七二六運動

七二六运动
Movimiento 26 de Julio
領導人菲德尔·卡斯特罗劳尔·卡斯特罗切·格瓦拉卡米洛·西恩富戈斯胡安·阿尔梅达·博斯克弗兰克·派斯塞莉亚·桑切斯
活躍期1955年—1962年
并入古巴社会主义革命统一党
总部墨西哥韦拉克鲁斯图斯潘(第一)、古巴哈瓦那(第二)
活跃地区古巴
意識形態先锋主义
政治多元主义
左翼民粹主义
左翼民族主义
反帝国主义
盟友人民社会党
三一三革命指导委员会
對手巴蒂斯塔政府、古巴军队
戰役、戰爭夏季攻势拉普拉塔之战拉斯维加斯战役亚瓜哈伊战役圣克拉拉战役

七二六運動(西班牙語:Movimiento 26 de Julio,缩写为M-26-7)是古巴历史上的一個革命组织,由菲德爾·卡斯特羅创建和領導。1959年,七二六運動成功推翻富爾亨西奧·巴蒂斯塔的独裁政權。

背景

七二六運動在1955年於墨西哥由流亡的古巴革命者組成,成員包括勞爾·卡斯特羅切·格瓦拉,成立的目標是以武裝鬥爭推翻當時控制著古巴巴蒂斯塔的政權,名字起源於在1953年7月26日由向蒙卡达兵營所發動的攻打行動(攻打蒙卡達兵營行動)。菲德爾·卡斯特羅在1953年攻打蒙卡達兵營失敗被捕,兩年後獲釋。獲釋後,由於無法在古巴繼續革命的活動,卡斯特羅離開古巴前往墨西哥,成立七二六運動。七二六運動的领导机构是全国委员会。

過程

武裝鬥爭

悬挂七二六運動旗幟的西恩富戈斯市政府

1956年11月25日,以菲德爾·卡斯特羅為首的82名革命分子乘坐遊艇格拉瑪號墨西哥韋拉克魯斯州圖斯潘古巴進發,於同年12月2日在古巴紅灘登陸並向馬埃斯特臘山區進發,史稱“格拉瑪號遠征”。

革命軍在紅灘的營地遭到古巴空軍的攻擊,50人陣亡,另有20人被俘後遭軍隊殺害,只餘下12人和7支步槍。革命軍幾乎被打敗[1]。餘下的成員在兩天後於辛科帕爾瑪斯會合並進入馬埃斯特臘山區

革命部隊在新的成員加入後,革命軍在1957年1月取得第一次的勝利,成功攻下拉普拉塔阿巴霍兵營。在之後的兩年間,巴蒂斯塔的部隊向革命軍的根據地發動了多次的進攻,包括1957年的冬季攻勢、1958年的希圭戰役聖多明各戰役拉斯梅塞德斯戰役,但均告失敗。七二六運動在1958年4月9日在古巴發動了全國總罷工,但最後以失敗收場。

1958年,革命軍向古巴聖地亚哥發動總攻擊,於1959年1月1日進入聖地亚哥巴蒂斯塔逃離古巴。1959年1月8日革命軍控制首都哈瓦那古巴革命成功。

革命胜利後

1961年7月,七二六運動、人民社會黨三一三革命指導委員會组成統一革命組織,1962年3月26日,統一革命組織改组为古巴社会主义革命统一党,七二六运动不复存在。1965年10月3日,古巴社会主义革命统一党又改组为古巴共產黨[2]

影響

七二六運動成功在拉丁美洲建立第一個共產主義政權。而七二六運動的旗幟亦成為古巴革命的象徵。由于之后古巴在菲德尔·卡斯特罗的带领下倒向苏联,美古关系开始恶化,两国在1961年猪湾事件后断交,美国政府和中情局曾600多次试图暗杀菲德尔·卡斯特罗。两国关系在2015年奥巴马访问古巴后得以改善,美古两国亦重新建交。

颂歌

1953年“七二六起义”发生后,古巴革命者创作了《七二六颂歌》(又名《七二六进行曲》)以纪念这次行动。

原歌词 现行歌词 现行歌词(中译文)
Marchando, vamos hacia un ideal
sabiendo que hemos de triunfar
en aras de paz y prosperidad
lucharemos todos por la libertad.
Adelante cubanos
que Cuba premiará nuestro heroísmo
pues somos soldados
que vamos a la Patria liberar
limpiando con fuego
que arrase con esta plaga infernal
de gobernantes indeseables
y de tiranos insaciables
que a Cuba han hundido en el Mal.
La sangre que en Oriente se derramó
nosotros no debemos olvidar
por eso unidos hemos de estar
recordando a aquellos que muertos están.
La muerte es victoria y gloria que al fin
la historia por siempre recordará
la antorcha que airosa alumbrando va
nuestros ideales por la Libertad.
El pueblo de Cuba...
sumido en su dolor se siente herido
y se ha decidido...
hallar sin tregua una solución
que sirva de ejemplo
a ésos que no tienen compasión
y arriesgaremos decididos
por esa causa hasta la vida
¡que viva la Revolución!
Marchando, vamos hacia un ideal
sabiendo que hemos de triunfar
en aras de paz y prosperidad
lucharemos todos por la libertad.
Adelante cubanos
que Cuba premiará nuestro heroísmo
pues somos soldados
que vamos a la Patria liberar
limpiando con fuego
que arrase con esta plaga infernal
de gobernantes indeseables
y de tiranos insaciables
que a Cuba han hundido en el Mal.
La sangre que en Cuba se derramó
nosotros no debemos olvidar
por eso unidos debemos de estar
recordando a aquellos que muertos están.
El pueblo de Cuba...
sumido en su dolor se siente herido
y se ha decidido...
hallar sin tregua una solución
que sirva de ejemplo
a ésos que no tienen compasión
y arriesgaremos decididos
por esta causa hasta la vida
¡que viva la Revolución!
我们朝着一个理想进军,
胜利必然属于我们!
为了和平,为了繁荣,
也为了自由,我们一起斗争。
向前进,古巴人民!
古巴鼓舞我们英勇作战。
我们士兵,
我们是解放祖国的士兵,
燃烧起熊熊烈火。
要烧光那可恶的政客,
是他们制造了灾难。
要烧光罪恶的暴君,
他们把古巴拖进痛苦深渊!
鲜血洒在古巴的土地上,
我们永远不把它遗忘。
我们要紧密团结一致,
不朽的英雄,活在我们心上。
古巴人民遭受了痛苦创伤,
下决心坚如钢,
给那些苦难的人民,
树立榜样。
为了伟大的理想,
为古巴革命万古长青,
我们决心,
贡献一生!

參考文献

  1. ^ 《卡斯特羅訪談傳記:我的一生》(伊格納西奧·拉莫內著)第八章 p.160-163(ISBN 978-7-5004-6720-5)
  2. ^ 古巴共產黨官方網站页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆(西班牙文)

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源:七二六運動

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