Π的莱布尼茨公式

数学领域,π的莱布尼茨公式说明

右边的展式是一个无穷级数,被称为莱布尼茨级数,这个级数收敛。它通常也被称为格雷戈里-莱布尼茨级数用以纪念莱布尼茨同时代的天文学家兼数学家詹姆斯·格雷戈里。使用求和符号可记作:

证明

考虑下面的幾何數列

对等式两边积分可得到反正切幂级数

x = 1 代入,便得莱布尼兹公式(1的反正切是π ⁄ 4)。这种推理产生的一个问题是1不在幂级数的收敛半径以内。因此,需要额外论证当x = 1时级数收敛到tan−1(1)。一种方法是利用交錯级数判别法,然后使用阿贝尔定理证明级数收敛到tan−1(1)。然而,也可以用一个完全初等的证明。

初等证明

考虑如下分解

对于|x| < 1,右侧的分式是余下的几何级数的和。然而,上面的方程并没有包含无穷级数,并且对任何实数x成立。上式两端从0到1积分可得:

时,除积分项以外的项收敛到莱布尼茨级数。同时,积分项收敛到0:

 当 

这便证明了莱布尼茨公式。

格点与数论证明

通过以为圆心,为半径的圆上及圆内格点(即横坐标与纵坐标皆为整数)个数计算公式来得出,在这里先考虑费马平方和定理:一个奇素数能表示成两个平方数之和当且仅当该素数模4余1,并且不考虑符号与交换律下其形式唯一(由于必为一奇一偶,因此不考虑符号但考虑交换律下必然为两种形式),比如可以得出,而因此无法分解成两个平方和形式。

现在对于所有正整数,有其唯一的素因数分解形式:

其中为互不相同的模4余1的素数,为互不相同的模4余3素数。

  • 如果只要其中一个为奇数,则正整数不存在表示成两个平方和的形式(比如,3的次数为1,因此不能表示成两平方和);
  • 而当全为偶数时,此时能表示成平方数形式的数量等于(不考虑符号但考虑交换律的情况,比如,其中5与13次数均为1,因此有,即);
  • 2的幂次不影响表示两平方和形式的个数,比如不管是多少,能表示成两个平方和形式都是4种。

接下来引入狄利克雷特征函数,定义,因此为积性函数,满足

  • 对于模4余1的素数以及自然数,总有,因此
  • 对于模4余3的素数以及自然数,则有,因此
  • 对于2以及自然数,当,即;当时总有,因此

由于,而这些结果正好与上述性质相吻合,因此表示成两个平方和形式的数量可以由其所有因数相应的之和来表示,比如,于是相应地有

小于等于能被正整数整除的正整数有个,因此对于半径为圆上及圆内格点数总和为:

其中为不超过的最大奇数,再由圆面积为,当时,两者比值极限得[1]

参考文献

  • Jonathan Borwein, David Bailey & Roland Girgensohn, Experimentation in Mathematics - Computational Paths to Discovery, A K Peters 2003, ISBN 1-56881-136-5, pages 28–30.

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