Betz, O., M. K. Thayer & A. F. Newton. 2003. Comparative morphology and evolutionary pathways of the mouthparts in spore-feeding Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera). Acta Zoologica 84 (3): 179–238.
Beutel, R.G. & Leschen, R.A.B. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of Staphyliniformia (Coleoptera) based on characters of larvae and adults. Systematic Entomology 30: 510–548.
Lawrence, J. F. and A. F. Newton. 1982. Evolution and classification of beetles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 261–290.
Newton, A. F., Jr. & M. K. Thayer. 1992. Current classification and family-group names in Staphyliniformia (Coleoptera). Fieldiana: Zoology (N. S.) 67: 1-92.