Çang'an

Çang'an Çin'in kuzeyinde yer almaktadır.

Çang'an (Çince (basitleştirilmiş): 长安; Çince (geleneksel): 長安; pinyin: Cháng'ān), Çin tarihinde ondan fazla hanedana başkentlik yapan tarihî bir kenttir. Kentin adı klasik Çincede "ebedi barış" anlamına gelmektedir. Bugün Çang'an'ın resmî adı Xi'an'dır. Kısa ömürlü Xin Hanedanı döneminde kentin adı "sabit barış" anlamına gelen (Çince: 常安; pinyin: Cháng'ān) olarak değiştirildiyse de, MS 23'te bu hanedanın yıkılmasıyla eski ad kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Ming Hanedanı döneminde kentin adı yeniden değiştirilerek, "batıdaki barış" anlamına gelen Xi'an ismi kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu adlandırma hâlâ kullanılmaya devam etmektedir.

Çang'an, Neolitik Çağ'dan beri yerleşim yeri olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bugünkü Xi'an kentinin kuzeyinde, Çin imparatoru Qin Shi Huang tarafından yaptırılan bir tümülüs ve büyük bir anıt mezar vardır.

Xianyang başkent olduktan sonra Qin Hanedanı eskisinden çok daha geniş bir coğrafyaya hükmetmiştir. Çang'an imparatorluk kenti, Han Hanedanı döneminde şimdiki Xi'an'ın kuzeyinde kuruluydu. Tang Hanedanı döneminde, şehrin alanı daha da genişledi. Bazı banliyöler de kentsel alana dâhil edildi. Sui Hanedanı ve Tang'ın başkenti, Ming döneminde eskisinde sekiz kat daha fazla büyüdü. Bu büyümeyle Çang'an dünyanın en büyük ve kalabalık şehirlerinden biri oldu. MS 750 civarında, Çin kaynaklarına göre Çang'an; milyonlarca insanın yaşadığı bir metropol hâlini almıştı. Bugünkü tahminlere göre, kent surları içerisinde o dönem için 800.000-1.000.000 arasında insan yaşıyordu.^[1]^[2] 742 nüfus sayımı kayıtlarına göre, Jingzhao Fu (京兆府) bölgesinin toplamında 362,921 hanede 1,960,188 insan yaşıyordu.^[3]

Antik Çang'an'ın ekonomik ve stratejik önemi

Çang'an'ın Çin için stratejik ve ekonomik önemini doğuran başlıca etken; kentin Çin için merkezî bir konumda bulunmasıydı. Gansu, Sichuan, Henan, Hubei ve Shanxi gibi merkezlerden gelen yollar burada birleşmekteydi. Bu yüzden Çang'an İpek Yolu'nun işlevselliğinden yararlanabilmek için oldukça önemli bir yerdi.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

^ (a) Tertius Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census, Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. (b) George Modelski, World Cities: –3000 to 2000, Washington, D.C.: FAROS 2000, 2003. ISBN 0-9676230-1-4.
^ Haywood, John; Jotischky, Andrew; McGlynn, Sean (1998). Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492. Barnes & Noble. ss. 3.20, 3.31. ISBN 978-0-7607-1976-3. 14 Nisan 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2016.
^ New Book of Tang, vol. 41 (Zhi vol. 27) Geography 1.

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