Proton bozunması

Georgi–Glashow modelindeki parçacıklar için zayıf izospinler, zayıf hiper yükler ve renk yükleri modeli. Burada, iki yukarı ve bir aşağı kuarktan oluşan bir proton, elektrik yükü -4/3 olan bir X bozonu aracılığıyla bir yukarı ve anti-yukarıdan oluşan bir pion'a ve bir pozitron'a bozunur.

Parçacık fiziğinde proton bozunması, protonun nötr bir pion ve bir pozitron gibi daha hafif atom altı parçacıklara bozunduğu varsayımsal bir parçacık bozunma biçimidir.[1] Proton bozunumu hipotezi ilk olarak 1967'de Andrey Saharov tarafından formüle edildi. Önemli deneysel çabalara rağmen, proton bozunması hiçbir zaman gözlemlenmedi. Bir pozitron aracılığıyla bozunursa, protonun yarı ömrü en az 1,67 x 1034 yıl olarak sınırlandırılır.[2]

Standart Model'e göre, bir baryon türü olan proton, baryon sayısı (kuark sayısı) korunduğu için kararlıdır (normal şartlar altında; istisna için kiral anomaliye bakınız). Bu nedenle, protonlar en hafif (ve dolayısıyla en az enerjili) baryon oldukları için kendi başlarına diğer parçacıklara bozunmazlar. Pozitron emisyonu ve Elektron yakalama –protonun nötrona dönüştüğü radyoaktif bozunma biçimleri– proton bozunması değildir, çünkü proton atom içindeki diğer parçacıklarla etkileşime girer.

Standart Modelin ötesindeki bazı büyük birleşik teoriler (BBK, GUT [Grand Unified Theory]) baryon sayısı simetrisini açıkça kırarak protonların Higgs bozonu, manyetik tek kutuplar veya 1031 ila 1036 yıllık yarı ömrü olan yeni X bozonları aracılığıyla bozunmasına izin verir. Karşılaştırma için, evren yaklaşık 1010 yaşındadır.[3] Bugüne kadar, BBK'ların öngördüğü yeni fenomenleri (proton bozunması veya manyetik monopollerin varlığı gibi) gözlemleme girişimleri başarısız oldu.

Kuantum tünelleme, proton bozunmasının mekanizmalarından biri olabilir.[4][5][6]

Kuantum kütleçekimi[7] (sanal kara delikler ve Hawking ışınımı yoluyla), yukarıdaki GUT ölçeği bozulma aralığının çok ötesinde büyüklüklerde veya yaşamlarda ve ayrıca süpersimetride ekstra boyutlarda bir proton bozunma alanı sağlayabilir.[8][9][10]

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Radioactive decays by Protons. Myth or reality?, Ishfaq Ahmad, The Nucleus, 1969. ss. 69–70
  2. ^ Bajc (2016). "Threshold corrections to dimension-six proton decay operators in non-minimal SUSY SU(5) GUTs". Nuclear Physics B. 910: 1. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2016.06.017. 
  3. ^ "Do protons decay?". symmetry magazine (İngilizce). 25 Ekim 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Kasım 2020. 
  4. ^ Talou (1998). "Time-dependent properties of proton decay from crossing single-particle metastable states in deformed nuclei". Physical Review C. 58 (6): 3280-3285. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.58.3280. 
  5. ^ "adsabs.harvard.edu". 17 Nisan 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. 
  6. ^ Trixler (2013). "Quantum Tunnelling to the Origin and Evolution of Life". Current Organic Chemistry. 17 (16): 1758-1770. doi:10.2174/13852728113179990083. PMC 3768233 $2. PMID 24039543. 
  7. ^ Bambi (2008). "Dangerous implications of a minimum length in quantum gravity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 25 (19): 195013. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/25/19/195013. 
  8. ^ Adams (2001). "Proton Decay, Black Holes, and Large Extra Dimensions - NASA/ADS". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 16 (13): 2399-2410. doi:10.1142/S0217751X0100369X. 18 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. 
  9. ^ Al-Modlej (2019). "Proton decay and the quantum structure of space–time". Canadian Journal of Physics. 97 (12): 1317-1322. doi:10.1139/cjp-2018-0423. 
  10. ^ Alsaleh (2017). "Virtual black holes from the generalized uncertainty principle and proton decay". Europhysics Letters. 118 (5): 50008. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/118/50008. 16 Şubat 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Nisan 2022. 

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