Orta Çağ futbolu

Londra'da oynanan güruh futbolunu gösteren 1721 tarihli bir çizim.

Orta Çağ futbolu, Orta Çağ Avrupa'sında icat edilen ve oynanan futbol oyunları için kullanılan genel bir terim. Günümüzdeki futbol kodlarının atası olarak sayılan bu oyunlar, günümüzdeki mücadelelere oranla daha basitti ve çok az kurala sahipti.

Başta İngiltere olmak üzere Orta Çağ Avrupa'sında her yıl Tövbe Salısı günü oynanan oyunlar giderek artış göstermekteydi. Bu dönemde İngiltere'de oynanan oyunların Roma İmparatorluğu fethi döneminde bölgeye geldiği öne sürülse de buna dair kaynaklar fazla değildir. Bazı kaynaklar, Normanların fethi sonrasında güney Britanya'da bazı top oyunlarının oynandığından bahsetmektedir. 9. yüzyılda yazılan Nennius'un Historia Britonum adlı eseri, bir grup çocuğun top oynadığından bahseder.[1] 12. yüzyılda Fransa'nın kuzeyinde, soule veya choule adı verilen ve topa el, ayak ve sopalar yardımıyla vurulan bir top oyunu oynanmaktaydı.[2][3]

Komşu köy ve kasabalar arasında oynanan güruh futbolu olarak anılan bir futbol türünde oyuncu sınırlaması yoktu ve yüzlerce kişi mücadele edebilmekteydi. Domuzun idrar kesesinden yapılan topu rakip takımın köy veya kasaba meydanında belirlenen alana gönderme amacı taşıyan bu tip maçların bazılarında top, kale yerine karşı takımın kilisesinin balkonuna gönderilmekteydi. Bazı kaynaklara göre bazı etkinliklerde topu karşı takımın kalesine göndermek için adam öldürme dışında her yol uygulanmaktaydı.[4] Bu tipteki maçlar günümüzde de Birleşik Krallık'taki bazı köy ve kasabalarda oynanmaktadır.[5][6]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Magoun, Francis Peabody (1929). "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature." The American Historical Review, vol 35, No. 1.
  2. ^ Ruff, Julius (2001). Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press. s. 170. ISBN 978-0-521-59894-1. 
  3. ^ Jusserand, Jean-Jules (1901). Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France (Fransızca). 
  4. ^ "History of Football - Britain, the home of Football". FIFA. 1 Temmuz 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Temmuz 2013. 
  5. ^ Spooner, Andrew (22 Ocak 2006). "Take Me Out To The Ball Game". The Independent. 7 Ocak 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Kasım 2014. 
  6. ^ "The history of Royal Ashbourne Shrovetide Football". BBC. 24 Aralık 2009. 6 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 25 Kasım 2014. 

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