Olasılık genliği

Bir hidrojen atomunun 5d orbitalinde bulunan tek bir elektron için oluşturulmuş dalga fonksiyonu. Katı gövde, elektronun olasılık yoğunluğunun belirli bir değerin üzerinde olduğu yerleri gösterir (burada 0.02 nm −3 ) ve bu, olasılık genliği ile hesaplanır. Renkli yüzeydeki renk tonu, dalga fonksiyonunun kompleks fazını gösterir.

Kuantum mekaniğinde olasılık genliği, sistemlerin davranışını tanımlamakta kullanılan karmaşık bir sayıdır. Bu miktarın karesi olan modül bir olasılık veya olasılık yoğunluğunu temsil eder.

İlk olarak Max Born tarafından önerilen bir bağlantı olan olasılık genliği, bir sistemin dalga fonksiyonu (veya daha genel olarak kuantum durum vektörü) ile bu sistemin gözlemlerinin sonuçları arasında bir ilişki sağlar. Bir dalga fonksiyonunun olasılık genliği olarak yorumlanması, kuantum mekaniğinin Kopenhag yorumunun bir ayağıdır. Belirli bir işlevin herhangi bir fiziksel yorumu yapılmadan önce, fiziksel fonksiyonların (belirli atomlardaki belirli enerjilerdeki emisyonlar gibi) fiziksel öngörülerini yapmak için dalga fonksiyonlarının alan özellikleri kullanılıyordu. Bu kuram için Born 1954 Nobel Fizik Ödülü'nün yarısına layık görüldü ve buna ithafen hesaplanan olasılığa bazen "Born olasılığı" denir. Olasılık yoğunluğu ve kuantum ölçümleri gibi olasılık kavramlarına,Schrödinger ve Einstein gibi teori üzerinde çalışan fizikçiler tarafından şiddetle karşı çıkılmıştır. Bu kavramlar, kuantum mekaniğinin yorumlanmasındaki gizemli sonuçların ve felsefi güçlüklerin kaynağıdır ve bugün bile tartışılmaya devam eden bir konudur.

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