Echedemos

Intaglio portrait on a ring, possibly of Echedemos (circa 220 BC).

Echedemos (Greek: Ἐχέδημος; fl. 190 BC) was a Greek statesman of ancient Athens.[1][2]

Biography

This fragmentary inscription from the Agora mentions the role of Echedemos in the reorganization of the Delphic Amphictyony.

Echedemos, son of Mnesitheos, Kydathenaieus,[2] was a member of an important family, part of Athenian aristocracy.[3]

He had at least two sons, Mnesitheos and Arketos, born circa 200 BC or slightly later.[4]

In 190 BC, Echedemos was the head of the Athenian embassy that negotiated a truce between the Roman Republic and the Aetolian League.[1][2]

In 185/184 BC he played a significant role in the reorganization of the Delphic Amphictyonic League.[1]

In the year of 170/169 BC he is thought to have been the city's mint master.[5]

Embassy

Echedemos was the leader of the Athenian embassy (princeps legationis eorum) that mediated in a conflict between Aetolians and Romans in 190 BC.[2]

These negotiations are reported in detail by the Greek historian Polybius (The Histories, XXI.4–5) and Roman historian Livy (The History of Rome, XXXVII.6–7).[6][7][8][9]

Amphictyonic League

In 185/184 BC Echedemos played a significant role in the reorganization of the Delphic Amphictyonic League.[1]

This is attested by two inscriptions, one from Delphi and one from Athens.[10]

Epigrams

Palatine Anthology is a 10th-century manuscript containing a collection of Greek poems and epigrams from the 7th century BC on. Two of the epigrams probably refer to Echedemos.

Echedemos is probably the subject of two epigrams from the Palatine Anthology, by the Athenian poet Artemon.[11]

In one poem, in which Echedemos is still a boy "in his prime", the poet is in love and steals a kiss from him:[12]

As Echedemus was peeping out of his door on the sly, I slyly
kissed that charming boy who is just in his prime. Now I am
in dread, for he came to me in a dream, bearing a quiver,
and departed after giving me fighting cocks, but at one time
smiling, at another with no friendly look. But have I
touched a swarm of bees, and a nettle, and fire?

The poet's dread has been interpreted as referring to the high social status and power of Echedemos's family, who could cause considerable harm to the poet if his advances were judged too bold.[13]

In the second poem, in which Echedemos has grown up, he is given a much more elaborate set of compliments:[14]

Child of Leto, son of Zeus the great, who utterest oracles to
all men, thou art lord of the sea-girt height of Delos; but the
lord of the land of Cecrops is Echedemus, a second Attic
Phoebus, whom soft-haired Love lit with lovely bloom. And
his city Athens, once mistress of the sea and land, now has
made all Greece her slave by beauty.

Here, he is called "a second Attic Phoebus", Phoebus (literally "radiant") being a common epithet of Apollo. This comparison is certainly a reference to his beauty, but could also refer to a personal device he later stamped on Athenian coins. Echedemos is also called "the lord of the land of Cecrops", i.e. lord of Athens, indicating his high social standing and wealth. Two final lines, lamenting the former glory of Athens, indicate the date for the epigram in the beginning of the 2nd century BC when ever waning power of Athens allowed Romans to increase their influence in Greece and broader Hellenistic world (conflict with Aetolians being one example).[15]

Coinage

An example of a New Style tetradrachm, packed with additional inscriptions and symbols.

Some time in the second century BC Athens have established a new iconography of coinage, with obverse featuring a head of Athena and reverse showing an owl with additional images, symbols and inscriptions identifying, among other things, the people responsible for minting the coins.[16]

Among these Athenian New Style coins there is a whole series bearing letters EXE on the reverse, possibly dating from 170–169 BC.[17] These have been cited as a proof that Echedemos was the Athenian mint master at the time.[18][19] The office of the mint master was given almost exclusively to members of the Athenian aristocracy, conferring the almost royal honour to place one's name and emblem on the city's coins.[20]

Below the monogram, the coins bear a small device of a head or bust of Helios, with a crown of rays above seemingly rich curly voluminous hair. This emblem could be an allusion to the fair looks of Echedemos, paralleling the comparison to Apollo in an epigram by Artemon.[21]

Portrait

The portrait is signed by Apollonios.

A portrait on a ring from the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore was tentatively identified as that of Echemedos.[22]

The portrait is a garnet intaglio of circa 220 BC.[23][24][25] It is set into an original elaborate gold swivel ring.[26][27] The work can be confidently dated as it is signed by engraver Apollonios (ΑΠΟΛΛΩΝΙΟ[Σ or Υ]),[28] who also carved and signed a portrait of a very young Antiochus III (also called Antiochus the Great, ruled Seleucid Empire in 222–187 BC).[29][30][31] Apollonios might have also been responsible for making coin dies for Antiochus III, as some of his coins bear monogram ΑΠΟ,[32][33] although this is controversial.[34] Several seal impressions — one of Antiochus III,[35] one of Antiochus IV,[36] and six of an unknown nobleman[37] — excavated in Seleucia on the Tigris in modern Iraq, all unsigned, have been ascribed to Apollonios or his circle on stylistic grounds.[38][39] Influence of his work has been deduced in coins of Antiochus III minted in Antiokheia.[40] Apollonios was certainly an engraver of the first rank,[41] but nothing else is known about him as his is a very common name.[42][43][44] He has been hypothesized to be an Athenian who worked for some time in the Seleucid and possibly other Hellenistic courts.[45]

Dating of the ring to around 220 BC agrees with what is known about Echedemos. His two sons were born circa 200 BC, so twenty years earlier he must have been fairly young.[46]

Remarkably, two ancient partial impressions of this (or a very similar) ring have been excavated in Aetolian Kallipolis,[47][48] near modern Lidoriki in Greece.[49] They were found, among many other portraits, in the clay sealings from the "House of the Archives" that was burnt down, along with the whole city, shortly after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC.[50] They come from the correspondence between two prominent Aetolian generals (Agetas Lochagou and Lochagos Ageta) and important people of the time,[51] including Roman general Scipio Africanus.[52]

The ring was reportedly found at Panticapaeum (modern Kerch) in the Crimea.[53][54][55] If this is indeed the case, there are several ways it could get from Athens to the Bosporus. Athens partly depended in its grain supply on the colonies of the Black Sea, and Echedemos could have sent the ring as a present to a king, a dignitary or even a merchant in the area during trade negotiations.[56] Alternatively, it could travel back home with mercenaries of the northern Black Sea coast, who are known to have served all over Hellenistic world, even as far as Ptolemaic Egypt.[57]

Identification is by no means concrete. Other suggestions include: an uncertain, perhaps Bosporan, king;[58] a royal courtier,[23][59] possibly Hermeias, the chief minister of Seleucus III;[60] and, given the absence of any insignia, a private individual.[61] Older identification as Bosporan king Asander[62] (110–17 BC, ruled 44–17 BC) has since been disproven.[63]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Linda-Marie Günther [in German]. "Echedemos". Der Neue Pauly. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d Pantos 1989, p. 282
  3. ^ Pantos 1989, p.283, p. 284, fn. 48, p. 286, text + fn. 56
  4. ^ This can be inferred from the fact that they were still minors in 183/182 BC, see Pantos 1989, p. 287
  5. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 284
  6. ^ Polybius, The Histories, book 21, chapter 4, "The Athenians Intercede for the Aetolians"
  7. ^ Polybius, The Histories, book 21, chapter 5, "Truce With the Aetolians"
  8. ^ Livy, The History of Rome, book 37, chapter 6
  9. ^ Livy, The History of Rome, book 37, chapter 7
  10. ^ Habicht 1987
  11. ^ Pantos 1989, pp. 283–284
  12. ^ Anthologia Palatina, XII.124, see Pantos 1989, p. 283; translated by William Roger Paton; original:

    λάθρῃ παπταίνοντα παρὰ φλιὴν Ἐχέδημον
    λάθριος ἀκρήβην τὸν χαρίεντ᾽ ἔκυσα.
    δειμαίνων καὶ γάρ μοι ἐνύπνιος ἦλθε φαρέτρην
    αἰωρῶν καὶ δοὺς ᾤχετ᾽ ἀλεκτρυόνας,
    ἄλλοτε μειδιόων, ὁτὲ δ᾽ οὐ φίλος. ἀλλὰ μελισσέων
    ἑσμοῦ καὶ κνίδης καὶ πυρὸς ἡψάμεθα.
  13. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 283
  14. ^ Anthologia Palatina, XII.55, see Pantos 1989, pp. 283–284; translated by William Roger Paton; original:

    Λητοΐδη, σὺ μὲν ἔσχες ἁλίρρυτον αὐχένα Δήλου,
    κοῦρε Διὸς μεγάλου, θέσφατα πᾶσι λέγων:
    Κεκροπίαν δ᾽ Ἐχέδημος, ὁ δεύτερος Ἀτθίδι Φοῖβος,
    ᾧ καλὸν ἁβροκόμης ἄνθος ἔλαμψεν Ἔρως.
    ἡ δ᾽ ἀνὰ κῦμ᾽ ἄρξασα καὶ ἐν χθονὶ πατρὶς Ἀθήνη
    νῦν κάλλει δούλην Ἑλλάδ᾽ ὑπηγάγετο.
  15. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 284, p. 282
  16. ^ Lewis 1962
  17. ^ Photos of two coins are published in Pantos 1989, pl.49:e,f; additional examples: SH26465. Silver tetradrachm, Ancients: Classic Greek Coins: Part 1 (Athens, Silver Tetradrachm), Classical Numismatic Group, XXVIII, New York Sale, December 8, 1993 (p. 18, cat.120) — all with letters EXE over a bust or head of Helios on the right of the reverse
  18. ^ Pantos 1989, p.284
  19. ^ Chronology of the Athenian New Style coinage remains somewhat uncertain, see Mattingly 1990; another date suggested for the coins is 137–136 BC or 135–134 BC, in this case EXE could refer to a later member of the same family, Echedemos son of Arketos, Kydathenaieus, and the head of Helios could be a family emblem, see Pantos 1989, p. 284; this Echedemos (Ἐχέδημος Ἀρκέτου) is known from an inscription of circa 155–154 BC as a victor at the festival of Theseia, see: Pantos 1989, pp. 284–285, fn. 49; Inscriptiones Graecae IG II² 958
  20. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 284, fn. 48
  21. ^ Pantos 1989, pp. 284–285
  22. ^ Pantos 1989
  23. ^ a b Ring with Portrait of a Courtier at the Walters Art Museum; ca. 220 BC; gold, garnet; 2.8 x 2.3 x 2.5 cm; inscription "of Apollonios" (translation); museum purchase, 1942; accession number 57.1698
  24. ^ The stone is specifically a pyrope, 2.6 x 2.3 cm, see: Vollenweider 1980, p. 153; Pantos 1989, p. 278, fn. 8; Gross 2008 p. 57, fn. 47
  25. ^ Photo of the intaglio's impression is published in: Furtwängler 1900, I, pl. LXIII:36; Hill 1943, p. 62, fig. 3; Vollenweider 1980, pl. 40:3a,3b; Pantos 1989, pl. 49:d; Gross 2008, p. 187, pl. 2:3; Messina 2012, p. 122, fig. 2
  26. ^ Hill 1943, p. 62
  27. ^ Profile view of the ring can be found on the museum website, additional views are published in Hill 1943, p. 61, fig. 2
  28. ^ Pantos 1989, pl. 49:c,d; Messina 2012, p. 122
  29. ^ Vollenweider 1980, pp. 151–152; Pantos 1989, pp. 278–279; Gross 2008, p. 134, cat. II 6; the identification of these two rings as by the same master has recently been questioned, see Messina 2012
  30. ^ The signed intaglio portrait is on a bezel, from a seal or a ring, in the National Museum, Athens, inv. 594, see: Gross 2008, p. 134, cat. II 6; Messina 2012, p. 121; the stone is variously described as a garnet (pyrope) or a carnelian, diameter as 1.9 cm or 2.1 cm, see: Vollenweider 1980, p. 153; Gross 2008, p. 134, cat. II 6; Messina 2012, p. 121, fn. 2; photos of the stone published in: Vollenweider 1980, pl. 40:2; Gross 2008, p. 187 pl. 2:2; Messina 2012, p. 121, fig. 1; photos of the impression published in: Vollenweider 1980, pl. 40:2a,2b; Gross 2008, p. 187, pl. 2:1; Messina 2012, p. 121, fig. 1
  31. ^ The subject can be confidently identified by comparison with the coins issued circa 223–213 BC, see Gross 2008, p. 38; some doubts have occasionally been expressed, see Messina 2012, p. 121, fn. 4; Antiochus III was just 18 when he assumed the throne, which agrees well with the portrait being made circa 220 BC, see Pantos 1989, p. 287
  32. ^ Vollenweider 1980, p. 151, fn. 29; Pantos 1989, p. 287
  33. ^ Photos of a tetradrachm from a mint in Nisibis (Mesopotamia, modern Turkey), now in Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, are published in: Vollenweider 1980, pl. 39:3a; Messina 2012, p. 122, fig. 2
  34. ^ Gross 2008, p. 52; Messina 2012, p. 123
  35. ^ Seal size over 1.9 x 1.7 cm, impression kept in Iraq Museum, Baghdad, see Messina 2012, p. 123, p.124, fn. 15; photo published in Messina 2012, p. 123, fig. 4a
  36. ^ Seal size over 2.1 x 1.9 cm, impression kept in Iraq Museum, Baghdad, see Messina 2012, p. 123, p.124, fn. 15; photo published in Messina 2012, p. 123, fig. 4b
  37. ^ These are particularly well impressed and preserved. Seal size over 1.8 x 1.6 cm, all impressions kept in Iraq Museum, Baghdad, see Messina 2012, p.124; photos of one of the impressions are published in Messina 2012, p. 123, fig. 4c, and on the catalogue book cover
  38. ^ Messina 2012, pp. 124–125
  39. ^ The impressions come from the archive building of Seleucis, where over 25,000 clay sealings have been found, dated to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC using the ruler portraits and stamps of the salt tax department, see Messina 2012, p.121
  40. ^ Gross 2008, pp. 39–40
  41. ^ Hill 1943, p. 64; Pantos 1989, p. 288; Gross 2008, p. 39; Messina 2012, p. 121, fn. 2
  42. ^ Pantos 1989, p.287; Messina 2012, p. 123
  43. ^ Another engraver of the same name but working at a later period is known from several signed works, see Richter 1956, pp. XXXVI–XXXVII; one low-quality portrait seal impression from Seleucia on the Tigris is signed "ΑΠΟΛΛ[Ο or Ω][...]" in reverse, although it could also be the name of the owner, see Messina 2012, p. 124, fig.5, p.125; Athens produced many sculptors with this name, see: Pantos 1989, p. 287; Messina 2012, p. 123, fn. 13; the famous Belvedere Torso is prominently signed "Apollonios, son of Nestor, Athenian"; the bronze Boxer of Quirinal is also signed "Apollonios, son of Nestor", see Messina 2012, p. 123, fn. 13; finally, Pliny the Elder ascribed the monumental Farnese Bull to a certain Apollonios of Tralles and his brother Tauriscus
  44. ^ Even the two signed portraits under discussion have been suggested as works of two different contemporaneous engravers of the same name, see Messina 2012
  45. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 288; Gross 2008, p. 39; Spier 1991, p. 91
  46. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 287
  47. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 278
  48. ^ The sealings are preserved in the Delphi Museum: inv. no. 14524, 1.7 x 1.35 cm, and inv. no. 14525, 1.3 x 1.4 cm, see Pantos 1989, p. 278, fn. 5, 8; for photographs, see Pantos 1989, p. 279, fig. 1, and pl. 49:a,b
  49. ^ Tsaroucha, Anthoula. "Kallion. History". Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  50. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 278, p. 280, fn. 17
  51. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 281
  52. ^ Portrait on a sealing in the archive has been identified with the man engraved on a gold signet ring in National Museum, Naples, who in turn has been identified as Scipio via numismatic parallels, see: Pantos 1989, p. 281; Ruebel 1991, p. 18; this identification is widely accepted, but has been doubted, see Ruebel 1991, p. 19; a portrait ring of Scopio is mentioned by Valerius Maximus, who writes about Scopio's son Lucius: "and they pulled his ring from his hand, on which the head of Africanus had been molded", see Ruebel 1991, p. 29, fn. 38; the ring in Naples is 3.0 x 3.5 cm, see Richter 1955, pl. VI, fig. 22; it is signed by engraver Herakleidas, see: Richter 1955, p. 44; Pantos 1989, p. 281; Ruebel 1991, p. 29, fn. 37; it was found in Capua, see: Richter 1955, p. 44; Ruebel 1991, p. 18; photo of an impression is published in Furtwängler 1900, I, pl. XXXIII:15; photos of the ring are published in Richter 1955, pl. VI, fig. 22, and on the museum website Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine (inv. no. 25085)
  53. ^ Furtwängler 1900, II, p. 285; Hill 1943, p. 62, fig.3 + fn. 1; Spier 1989, p. 29, cat. A; Gross 2008, p. 57, fn. 47; Messina 2012, p. 122; this provenance is uncertain, information about the findspot comes from a London auction catalogue of 1898, see Pantos 1989, p. 286, fn. 53
  54. ^ The stone is very well preserved which suggests that it was put in a grave when still almost new, see Hill 1943, p. 62
  55. ^ Portrait ring of Antiochus III is of unknown provenance, see: Pantos 1989, p. 287, fn. 65; Messina 2012, p. 121
  56. ^ Pantos 1989, pp. 286–287
  57. ^ Pantos 1989, p. 287; many rings with the portraits of the Ptolemies found on northern shores of the Black Sea could have gotten there this way, see Pantos 1989, p. 287, fn. 60
  58. ^ Spier 1989, p. 29, cat. A, p. 34, fig. 51
  59. ^ If "Apollonios" refers to the owner and not the engraver, which is also a possibility, literary and epigraphic sources provide dozens of Seleucid philoi or courtiers of this name, see Messina 2012, p.125
  60. ^ Vollenweider 1980, p. 152; Pantos 1989, p. 280
  61. ^ Gross 2008, p. 39
  62. ^ Furtwängler 1900, II, p. 285; Hill 1943, p. 62
  63. ^ Pantos 1989, pp. 279–280; Messina 2012, p. 122

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echedemos.

Read other articles:

Czarnowąsy

Village in Opole Voivodeship, PolandCzarnowąsyCzarnowanzVillageCzarnowąsy monastery and electricity plantCzarnowąsyCzarnowanzCoordinates: 50°43′0″N 17°54′0″E / 50.71667°N 17.90000°E / 50.71667; 17.90000Country PolandVoivodeshipOpole VoivodeshipCountyOpole CountyGminaDobrzeń WielkiPopulation3,108 Czarnowąsy [t͡ʂarnɔˈvɔ̃sɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobrzeń Wielki, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-wester...

 

Kabinet Jayewardene

Kabinet JayewardeneKabinet Pemerintahan Sri Lanka ke-10Dibentuk23 Juli 1977Diselesaikan2 Januari 1989Struktur pemerintahanKepala negaraWilliam Gopallawa (1977-78)J. R. Jayewardene (1978-89)Kepala pemerintahanJ. R. JayewardeneWakil kepala pemerintahanRanasinghe PremadasaPartai anggotaKongres Pekerja Ceylon (1978-89)Partai Nasional SerikatPartai oposisiFront Pembebasan Serikat Tamil (1977-83)Partai Kebebasan Sri Lanka (1983-89)Pemimpin oposisiA. Amirthalingam (1977-83)Anura Bandaranaike (1983-8...

 

Anelaphus pumilus

Anelaphus pumilus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Anelaphus Spesies: Anelaphus pumilus Anelaphus pumilus adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Anelaphus, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup ...

Heiko Butscher

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Heiko Butscher Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 28 Juli 1980 (umur 43)Tempat lahir Leutkirch, Jerman BaratTinggi 1,89 m (6 ft 2+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain Bek tengahInformasi klubKlub saat ini VfL BochumNomor 5Karier junior SV Dietm...

 

Trans Bandar Lampung

Trans Bandar Lampung adalah sistem bus raya terpadu yang mulai beroperasi pada tanggal 01 April 2019 di Kota Bandar Lampung, Lampung. Layanan Bus Rapid Transit ini diciptakan untuk memudahkan mobilitas warga Bandar Lampung agar mau menggunakan transportasi publik.[1] Trans Bandar LampungDidirikan01 April 2019Wilayah layanan Kota Bandar LampungJenis layananbus raya terpaduRute4 koridorJumlah perhentianhalte dalam tahap pembangunanOperator Dinas Perhubungan Kota Bandar Lampung Tarif yan...

 

Panos Kolokotronis

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Panos Kolokotronis – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Panos KolokotronisSkull of Panos Kolokotronis,National Historical Museum, AthensNative nameΠάνος ΚολοκοτρώνηςBorn1800Zakynthos, ...

Quid pro quo

Antichristus,[1] sebuah cukil kayu karya Lucas Cranach si Tua, tentang Sri Paus yang memakai kekuasaan temporal untuk memberikan otoritas besar kepada seorang penguasa yang berkontribusi kepada Gereja Katolik Quid pro quo ('apa untuk apa' dalam bahasa Latin[2]) adalah sebuah frase Latin yang dipakai dalam bahasa Inggris untuk mengartikan pertukaran barang atau jasa, yang diberikan oleh suatu pihak kepada pihak lainnya. Frase-frase dengan pengartian serupa meliputi: beri dan am...

 

NASCAR Seri Piala Winston musim 1978

NASCAR Seri Piala Winston 1978 Sebelum: 1977 Sesudah: 1979 Cale Yarborough meraih gelar ketiganya di musim 1978. NASCAR Grand National Winston Cup Series musim 1978 adalah musim ke-30 balap mobil stok profesional di Amerika Serikat dan musim NASCAR Seri Piala era modern ke-7. Musim dimulai pada hari Minggu 22 Januari dan berakhir pada hari Minggu 19 November. Cale Yarborough yang mengendarai mobil Oldsmobile tim Junior Johnson #11 First National City Travelers Checks memenangkan gelar juara ...

 

Diljit Rana, Baron Rana

British peer (born 1938) The Right HonourableThe Lord RanaOBERana in 2020Member of the House of LordsLord TemporalIncumbentAssumed office 16 June 2004Life peerage Personal detailsBorn (1938-09-20) 20 September 1938 (age 85)Sanghol, Punjab, IndiaPolitical partyConservative Diljit Singh Rana, Baron Rana OBE (born 20 September 1938) is a British businessman and member of the House of Lords. Having originally been a crossbencher, he took the Conservative whip in 2016. He was married to S...

ImageMovers

Этот перевод статьи с другого языка требует улучшения (см. Рекомендации по переводу). Вы можете помочь улучшить перевод. Оригинал можно найти слева в списке языков.Статья, целиком являющаяся машинным переводом, может быть удалена на основании критерия быстрого удаления �...

 

Пугачёва, Алла Борисовна

Запрос «Пугачёва» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Алла Пугачёва На фестивале «Славянский базар в Витебске», 2016 год Основная информация Полное имя Алла Борисовна Пугачёва Дата рождения 15 апреля 1949(1949-04-15) (75 лет) Место рождения Москва, СССР[1]...

 

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

Lotus 22

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lotus 22 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Motor vehicle Lotus 22OverviewManufacturerTeam LotusProduction1962-1965Body and chassisClassFormula JuniorBody styleOpen wheelPowertrainEngi...

 

Не родись красивой

Не родись красивой Жанры мелодрамакомедия Создатель Фернандо Гаитан На основе Я — Бетти, дурнушка Режиссёры Александр НазаровСергей Пикалов и др. Сценаристы Иван УгаровЕлена Быковская и др. В главных ролях Нелли УвароваГригорий АнтипенкоПётр КрасиловОльга Ломоносова...

 

Workers' compensation

Form of insurance Dangerous tasks are common in the construction workplace. Workers' compensation or workers' comp is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence. The trade-off between assured, limited coverage and lack of recourse outside the worker compensation system is known as the compensation barga...

Firth of Forth

Firth of Forth dari Kastel Edinburgh. Firth of Forth adalah estuari sungai Forth di Skotlandia. Pada masa Romawi, muara ini dikenal dengan nama Bodotria. Secara geologis, Firth of Forth merupakan sebuah fjord, yang terbentuk dari glasier Forth pada periode glasial akhir. Pulau Bass Rock Craigleith Cramond Eyebroughy Fidra Inchcolm Inchgarvie Inchkeith Inchmickery The Lamb Pulau May Permukiman di pesisir Pantai Utara Aberdour, Anstruther Buckhaven, Burntisland Caves of Caiplie, Cellardyke, Cra...

 

2013 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 800 metres

Men's 800 metres at the 2013 World ChampionshipsVenueLuzhniki StadiumDates10 August (heats)11 August (semifinals)13 August (final)Competitors47 from 38 nationsWinning time1:43.31Medalists  Mohammed Aman Ethiopia (ETH) Nick Symmonds United States (USA) Ayanleh Souleiman Djibouti (DJI)← 20112015 → Official Video Events at the2013 World ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 ...

 

أوكاناغان-سيميلكامين دي (كولومبيا البريطانية)

أوكاناغان-سيميلكامين دي   الإحداثيات 49°25′00″N 120°00′00″W / 49.4167°N 120°W / 49.4167; -120   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد كندا[2]  التقسيم الأعلى كولومبيا البريطانية  التقسيمات الإدارية بينتيكتون، كولومبيا البريطانيةسمرلاند، كولومبيا البريطانيةاوسويوسكيريمو...

بطولة العالم للدراجات على المضمار 1937

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) بطولة العالم للدراجات على المضمار 1937 التفاصيل التاريخ 1937 الموقع  الدنمارك (كوبنهاغن) نوع السباق سباق ا...

 

Il piccolo grande mago dei videogames

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti film d'avventura e film commedia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Il piccolo grande mago dei videogamesUna scena del filmTitolo originaleThe Wizard Lingua originaleinglese Paese di produzioneStati Uniti d'America Anno1989 Durata100 min Rapporto1,85...