Haydalar

Haydalar
(X̲aat, X̲aadas, X̲aayda)
Önemli nüfusa sahip bölgeler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri650[1]
Kanada1.100[1]
Diller
Din


  1. ^ a b "Alaska Native Language Center : Alaska Native Languages / Population and Speaker Statistics". 9 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Kasım 2012. 
Hayda Miras Merkezi, Kaay Llnagaay

Haydalar ya da Hayda Kızılderilileri (Haydaca X̲aat, X̲aadas, X̲aayda; Tlingitçe Deikeenaa; İngilizce Haida; Rusça хайда), Kanada'nın Britanya Kolombiyası eyaletinin Haida Gwaii adasında (eski adı: Queen Charlotte Adası) ve Amerika Birleşik Devletlerine bağlı Alaska eyaletinin Galler Prensi Adasında yaşayan şamanist ve Hristiyan Alaska ve Kanada Kızılderilileridir. Pasifik Kuzeybatısı Kızılderilileri kültür grubuna dahildirler. Sanatları hem Alaska yerli sanatı hem de Pasifik Kuzeybatısı sanatı içinde değerlendirilir. Dilleri Haydaca eskiden Na-Dene dillerinde sınıflandırılırken şimdi daha çok izole dillerden kabul edilmektedir. Alaska Yerli Dil Merkezine göre Alaska'daki 650 kişilik nüfustan 10 kadarı, Kanada'daki 1.100 kişilik nüfustan ise ancak 30 tanesi anadillerini konuşabiliyor.[1] 1774 yılında Avrupalılarca ilk karşılaşmada nüfusları 15.000 olan Haydalar yeni getirilen salgın hastalıklardan kırılmıştır. Bugün daha çok Masset, Skidegate ve Hydaburg köylerinde yaşamaktadırlar. Kanada Haydaları Council of the Haida Nation adıyla, Alaska Haydaları ise Tlingitlerle birlikte Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska[1] adıyla idari birlik oluştururlar.

Şirketleşme

Rus Amerikası döneminde ABD'nin Ruslarla birlikte idare ettiği Alaska'yı 1867 yılında Rus İmparatorluğundan satın almasından bu yana 100 yıldır çözülemeyen yerlilerinin (Alaska Eskimoları ve Alaska Kızılderililerinin) toprak taleplerini çözmek üzere ABD Kongresinde 18 Aralık 1971 tarihinde başkan Richard Nixon tarafından imzalanarak yürülüğe giren ve ABD tarihinin en büyük toprak talebini karşılayan yasa olan Alaska Yerli Talepleri Çözümleme Yasası (ANCSA) gereği kurulan Alaska Yerli Bölge Şirketlerinden Tinglit-Haida Central Council hükûmetinin ortak işletmesindeki Sealaska Corporation yerli bölge şirketi Haydalara ve Tlingitlere ait olup buna bağlı 13 köy şirketinden 2 tanesi (Haida Corporation ile Kavilco Inc.) Haydalarındır. Köy şirketleri topraklarının yüzey hakkına sahiptir, fakat bölge şirketleri hem köy şirketlerinin hakkına hem de toprakların yeraltı hakkına sahiptir.

Dil

Eskiden Na-Dene dilleri (Hayda-Tlingit-Eyak-Atabask) ailesi içinde sınıflandırılan Haydaca bugün artık bu aileden çıkarılmış tek başına izole dil olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dene-Yenisey dilleri ailesinin kurucusu olan Edward Vajda'ya göre Haydaca ile Na-Dene (Tlingit-Eyak-Atabask) dilleri arasında genetik bağ yoktur. Haydaca hariç Na-Dene dilleri ile Sibirya'daki Yenisey dilleri arasında benzerliğe dayanarak 2006-2010 yılları arasında Dene-Yenisey hipotezini geliştirmiştir.[2][3] Bugün bu hipotez Alaska Yerli Dil Merkezi tarafından da desteklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b "Alaska Native Language Center : Alaska Native Languages / Population and Speaker Statistics". 9 Kasım 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Kasım 2012.  Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi: "refAnlcpop" adı farklı içerikte birden fazla tanımlanmış (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
  2. ^ Edward Vajda (2008), The Siberian origins of Na-Dene languages, Dene-Yeniseic Symposium, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Feb. 29, 2008
  3. ^ Edward Vajda (2008), A Siberian link with Na-Dene languages 2 Aralık 2012 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi., Dene-Yeniseic Symposium, Fairbanks

Bibliyografya

  • Blackman, Margaret B. (1982; rev. ed., 1992) During My Time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson, a Haida Woman. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Boelscher, Marianne (1988) The Curtain Within: Haida Social and Mythical Discourse. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Bringhurst, Robert (2000) A Story as Sharp as a Knife: The Classical Haida Mythtellers and Their World. Douglas & McIntyre.
  • Donald, Leland (1997) Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of North America. University of California Press.
  • Andersen, Doris (1974) Slave of the Haida. Macmillan Co. of Canada.
  • Kushner, Howard (1975) Conflict on the Northwest Coast: American-Russian Rivalry in the Pacific Northwest. Greenwood Press.
  • Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Richard Dauenhauer, Lydia T. Black (2008) "Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka/Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 And 1804." University of Washington Press.
  • Fisher, Robin (1992) "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890." UBC Press.
  • Geduhn, Thomas (1993) "Eigene und fremde Verhaltensmuster in der Territorialgeschichte der Haida." (Mundus Reihe Ethnologie, Band 71.) Bonn: Holos Verlag.
  • Harris, Christie (1966) Raven's Cry. New York: Atheneum.
  • Harrison, Charles (1925) Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific - The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends. H.F. & G. Witherby.
  • Huteson, Pamela (2007) "Transformation Masks" Surrey, B.C. Canada: Hancock House Publishers LTD. ISBN 13 978-0-88839-635-8 and ISBN 10 0-88839-635-X
  • Kan, Sergei (1993) SYMBOLIC IMMORTALITY; The Tlingit Potlatch of the Nineteenth Century Smithsonian.
  • Snyder, Gary (1979) He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village. San Francisco: Grey Fox Press.
  • Stearns, Mary Lee (1981) Haida Culture in Custody: The Masset Band. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • The Hydah mission, Queen Charlotte's Islands : an account of the mission and people, with a descriptive letter, Rev. Charles Harrison, publ. Church Missionary Society/Seeley, Jackson & Halliday, London, England, 1884.
  • Yahgulanaas, Michael Nicoll (2008) "Flight of the Hummingbird" Vancouver; Greystone Books.

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