Demokrasi dalgaları

Siyaset biliminde, demokrasi dalgaları tarihte meydana gelen demokratik rejim sayısında görülen büyük demokrasi dalgalanmalarını ifade eder. Bu terimin litetarürde ilk olarak 1887'ye kadar dayanan bir geçmişi olsa da[1] günümüz literatüründe siyaset bilimci Samuel P. Huntington'ın, Journal of Democracy'de yayınladığı makalesi ve daha sonra 1991 tarihli The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century kitabında genişlettiği çalışmaları ile popülerlik kazanmıştır. Demokratikleşme dalgaları, kapsamlı yerel reformlar başlatmaya kolaylık sağlayan bir ortam yaratması ve bunları teşvik etmesi nedeniyle, büyük güçler arasında güç dağılımındaki ani değişimlerle de ilişkilendirilmiştir.[2][3]

Bilim adamlarına göre tarihteki demokrasi dalgalarının net sayısı tartışmalıdır. Huntington üç dalga tanımlar: 19. yy'ın ilk "yavaş" dalgası, II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası ikinci dalga ve son olarak Güney Avrupa'dan başlayıp, Latin Amerika ve Asya'ya yayılan 1970'lerin ortasında başlayan üçüncü dalga. Huntington Sovyet bloğunun çöküşünü ele almamış olsa da, bazı bilim adamları "Üçüncü Dalga"yı 1989-1991 arasındaki demokratik geçişleri de içerecek şekilde ele almışlardır.[4] Öte yandan, Toronto Üniversitesi'nden Seva Gunitsky, 18. yy'dan Arap Baharı'na (2011-2012) kadar 13 demokrasi dalgası tespit etmiştir.[5]

Tanım

1991 tarihli "Üçüncü Dalga" kitabında Huntington, demokratik dalgaları "belirli bir süre içinde gerçekleşen ve bu süre zarfında zıt yönlerdeki geçişlerden önemli ölçüde daha fazla sayıdaki demokratik olmayan rejimlerden demokratik rejimlere geçişler" olarak tanımlar. (Huntington 1991, 15)

Mainwaring ve Aníbal Pérez-Liñán (2014, 70) benzer bir tanım sunar: "rekabetçi rejimlerin (demokrasiler ve yarı demokrasiler) oranında sürekli ve önemli bir artışın olduğu herhangi bir tarihsel dönem."[6]

Gunitsky (2018), demokratik bir dalgayı, bir dönemdeki geçişler arasındaki bağlantılara da ilişkilendirmiş ve ayrıca sadece başarıya ulaşan değil, teşebbüs edilen veya başarılı demokratik geçişlerin bir ümelenmesi olarak ele almıştır.[5]

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Morse, Anson D. (1887). "The Cause of Secession". Political Science Quarterly. 2 (3). ss. 470-493. doi:10.2307/2139185. JSTOR 2139185. 
  2. ^ Gunitsky, Seva (2014). "From Shocks to Waves: Hegemonic Transitions and Democratization in the Twentieth Century". International Organization (İngilizce). 68 (3). ss. 561-597. doi:10.1017/S0020818314000113. ISSN 0020-8183. 25 Mart 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Nisan 2021. 
  3. ^ Gunitsky, Seva (2017). Aftershocks (İngilizce). ISBN 978-0-691-17233-0. 23 Şubat 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Nisan 2021. 
  4. ^ "What Is Democracy? – Democracy's Third Wave". U.S. State Department. 1 Eylül 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Ağustos 2007. 
  5. ^ a b Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective". Perspectives on Politics (İngilizce). 16 (3). ss. 634-651. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001044. 
  6. ^ Mainwaring, Scott; Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (21 Eylül 2014). "Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall". Cambridge University Press. 14 Haziran 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. 

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