Değerlik elektron

Dört kovalent bağ. Karbon 4 değerlik elektrona sahiptir ve buradaki değerlik sayısı 4'dür. Her bir hidrojen atomu tek değerlik elektrona sahiptir ve tek değerliklidir.

Değerlik elektron ya da valans elektron, bir atomun en dış kabuğunda (valans yörüngesi) bulunan elektronlardır. Valans elektronları bir elementin diğer elementler ile kimyasal olarak nasıl etkileştiğini kararlaştırması açısından önemlidir. Bir atomdaki daha az değerlik elektron sayısı atomu daha az kararlı ve etkileşime karşı daha fazla istekli yapar. Bunun tam tersi de aynı şekilde doğrudur, valans kabuğu valans elektronları ile dolu ise atomun aktivitesi düşüktür ve diğer kimyasal elementler veya kendi türünden kimyasal elementler ile yapılacak etkileşimler için daha az isteklidir.

Bir atomun, dış enerji seviyesindeki elektron sayısına değerlik elektron sayısı denir. Değerlik elektron sayısı grup numarasını verir. Yani, periyodik tabloda değerlik elektron sayısı, yukarıdan aşağıya veya aşağıdan yukarı değişmez (18. grup hariç). Fakat, soldan sağa gidildikçe değerlik elektron sayısı artar ve asal gaza dönüşmeye başlar. Örneğin Lityum elementinin atom numarası 3 tür. Bunu elektron dizilişine göre sıraladığımızda son katmandaki elektron sayısı 1 dir. Bu yüzden 1A grubunda yer almaktadır.

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