İstinat duvarı

Kazıklı, ankrajlı ve kemer kirişli bir istinat duvarı.

İstinat duvarı, arkasında kalan zemin hacmini tutmak amacıyla yapılan bir tutma yapısıdır.[1] Sıklıkla derin kazılarda ve şevlerin stabilitesini tahkik etmek için inşa edilir.

Kırma taş, beton ve betonarme olarak inşa edilebilir. İstinat duvarları, sonradan yapılan dolgunun veya arkasındaki zeminin kaymasını ve aşınmasını önler. Boyut ve şekillendirilmesi yük durumu, zemin tipi, deprem koşulları, yeraltı su seviyesi, tercih edilen istinat duvarı tipi vb. koşullara göre hesaplanarak bulunur.

Tanım

İstinat duvarları, insan eliyle oluşturulmuş kazıların sonucu zeminlerin uygulayacağı yatay itkinin karşılanması gereken durumlarda kullanılır.[2]

Konsol tipi istinat duvarı

Birçok çeşit istinat duvarı yapısı görmek mümkündür, bunlar özetçe; ağırlık tipi, konsol tipi ve kazıklı olarak genellenebilir. Bu yapıların stabilitesini sağlamak amacıyla ankraj, payanda, geosentetik vb. kullanılabilir. Halk arasında istinat duvarı olarak bilinen, özellikle ağırlık tipi ve konsol tipi istinat duvarlarıdır.

İstinar duvarı tasarımında duvarın tutacağı zeminin özellikleri ve yer altı su seviyesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu nedenle yapı yapılmadan önce mutlaka özenli bir sondaj çalışması ile bu özellikler belirlenmeli, istinat duvarının tasarımı buna göre yapılmalıdır. Eğer istinat duvarı arkasında yer altı su seviyesi yüksek ise tasarımda bu suyun drenajının sağlanmasına özen gösterilmelidir. İstinat duvarı yüzeyinde görülen drenaj kanalları olan barbakanlar, bu işleve hizmet etmektedirler.

Günümüzde, özellikle büyük şehirlerde görülen, kısıtlı alanda derin kazılar yapmayı gerektiren koşullarda toprağı tutma amaçlı yapılan fore kazık (donatılı betonarme kazık) sistemleri de temelinde bir istinat duvarı olarak düşünülebilir. Genellikle ankraj, payanda ve kemer kirişi adı verilen, yükü dağıtmak amaçlı kullanılan yatay elemanlarla desteklenen bu sistemler, günümüzde özellikle şehirlerde en çok karşılaşılabilen istinat yapıları arasındadır.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Terzaghi, Karl; Peck, Ralph B.; Mesri, Gholamreza (1948). Soil mechanics in engineering practice. [S.l.]: [s.n.] ISBN 978-1446510391. 
  2. ^ Knappett, J. A.; Craig, R. F. (2012). Craig's soil mechanics (8. ed. bas.). Londra: Spon Press. ISBN 978-0415561266. 

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