Judea (lalawigang Romano)

Provincia Ivdaea
ἐπαρχία Ιουδαίας
Lalawigan ng ng Imperyong Romano

6 CE–135 CE
Location of Judea
Location of Judea
Kabisera Caesarea Maritima
Mga Prepekto bago 41, Prokurador matapos ang 44
 -  6–9 CE Coponius
 -  26–36 CE Poncio Pilato
 -  64–66 CE Gessius Florus
 -  117 CE Lusius Quietus
 -  130–132 CE Tineius Rufus
Hari ng mga Hudyo
 -  41–44 Agrippa I
 -  48–93/100 Agrippa II
Legislature Synedrion/Sanhedrin
Panahon sa kasaysayan Prinsipadong Romano
 -  Senso ni Quirinius 6 CE
 -  Pagpapapako kay Kristo c. 30/33 CE
 -  Krisis sa ilalim ni Caligula 37–41 CE
 -  Pagsasama ng Galilee at Peraea 44 CE
 -  Pagwasak sa Ikalawang Templo 4 Agosto 70 CE
 -  Aklasang Bar Kokhba 132–135 CE 135 CE
Bago ang Agosto 4, 70, ay tinutukoy bulang Ikalawang Templong Hudaismo, na kung saan umusbong ang Tannaim at Maagang Kristiyanismo.

Ang Romanong lalawigan ng Judea ( /ˈdə/ ; Hebreo: יהודה‎, Pamantayang Yəhūda Tiberian Yehūḏā; Griyego: Ἰουδαία Ioudaia; Latin: Iūdaea), kung minsan ay binabaybay sa orihinal na mga anyong Latin na Iudæa o Judaea upang mapag-iba ito mula sa pangheograpiyang rehiyon ng Judea, isinasama ang mga rehiyon ng Judea, Samaria, at Idumea, at sumaklaw lalo sa mga bahagi ng mga dating rehiyon ng Asmoneo at mga kahariang Herodes ng Judea. Pinangalanan ito pagkatapos ng Tetrarkiya ni Herodes Archelaus sa Judea, ngunit ang lalawiganng Romano ay sumaklaw sa isang mas malaking teritoryo. Ang pangalang "Judea" ay nagmula sa Kaharian ng Juda noong ika-6 na siglo BCE.

Ayon sa istoryador na si Josefo, kaagad pagkakasunod sa pagtitiwalag kay Herodes Archelaus noong 6 CE, ang Judea ay ginawang isang lalawigang Romano, na sa panahong ito ay binigyan ng awtoridad ang Romanong prokurador na parusahan sa pamamagitan ng pagpatay. Ang pangkalahatang populasyon ay nagsimula ring mabuwisan ng Roma.[1] Ang lalawigan ng Judea ay pinangyarihan ng kaguluhan sa pagkakatatag nito noong 6 CE sa panahon ng Senso ni Quirinius, ang Pagpapako sa krus kay Hesus bandang 30–33 CE, at maraminga giyera, na kilala bilang mga digmaang Hudyo-Romano, ay nangyayari sa pag-iral nito. Ang Ikalawang Templo ng Herusalem ay winasak ng mga Romano noong 70 CE malapit sa pagatatapos ng Unang Digmaang Hudyo-Romano, at itinatag ang Fiscus Judaicus. Matapos ang Himagsikang Bar Kokhba (132–135), binago ng Emperador ng Roma na si Adriano ang pangalan ng lalawigan tungo sa Syria Palaestina at ang pangalan ng lungsod ng Herusalem tungo sa Aelia Capitolina, na napagtatanto ng ilang iskolar bilang isang pagtatangka upang putulin ang ugnayan ng mga Hudyo mula sa kanilang tinubuang bayan.[2][3]

Naunang kalagayan

Pompey sa Templo ng Herusalem, ni Jean Fouquet

Ang unang pangingialam ng Roma sa rehiyon ay nagmula noong 63 BCE, kasunod ng pagtatapos ng Ikatlong Digmaang Mitridatiko, nang itatag ng Roma ang lalawigan ng Syria. Matapos ang pagkatalo ni Mitridates VI ng Pontus, dinambong ni Pompey ang Herusalem at inilagay ang prinsipeng Asmoneo na si Hircano II bilang Etnarka at Mataas na Pari ngunit hindi bilang hari. Ilang taon na ang lumipas ay hinirang ni Julio Cesar si Antipatro ng Idumea, na kilala rin bilang Antipas, bilang unang Romanong Prokurador. Ang anak ni Antipater na si Herodes ay itinalagang "Hari ng mga Hudyo" ng Senado ng Roma noong 40 BCE[4] ngunit hindi siya nakakuha ng kontrol sa militar hanggang 37 BCE. Sa panahon ng kaniyang paghahari, ang huling mga kinatawan ng Asmoneo ay tinanggal, at ang malaking daungan ng Caesarea Maritima ay itinayo.[5]

Namatay si Herodes noong 4 BCE, at ang kaniyang kaharian ay nahahati sa tatlo sa kaniyang mga anak na lalaki, dalawa sa kanila (Felipe at Herodes Antipas) ay naging tetrarko ('mga pinuno ng isang kapat na bahagi'). Ang pangatlong anak na lalaki, si Arquelao, ay naging isang etnarko at namuno sa kalahati ng kaharian ng kaniyang ama.[6] Ang isa sa mga prinsipalidad ay ang Judea, na tumutugma sa teritoryo ng makasaysayang Judea, kasama ang Samaria at Idumea.

Lubos na ninais pamunuan ni Arquelao ang Judea kaya siya ay inalis noong 6 CE ng Romanong Emperador na si Augusto, pagkatapos ng panawagan mula sa kaniyang sariling mga pinamumunuan. Si Herodes Antipas, pinuno ng Galilea at Perea mula sa 4 BCE ay noong 39 CE na inalis ni Emperador Caligula. Ang anak ni Herodes na si Felipe ang namuno sa hilagang-silangan na bahagi ng kaharian ng kaniyang ama.[7]

Mga sanggunian

  1. Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) 2.8.1.
  2. H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."
  3. Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." ISBN 0-89236-800-4
  4. Jewish War 1.14.4: Mark Antony "... then resolved to get him made king of the Jews ... told them that it was for their advantage in the Parthian war that Herod should be king; so they all gave their votes for it. And when the senate was separated, Antony and Caesar went out, with Herod between them; while the consul and the rest of the magistrates went before them, to offer sacrifices [to the Roman gods], and to lay the decree in the Capitol. Antony also made a feast for Herod on the first day of his reign."
  5. "Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (limen Sebastos) to Caesar Augustus. During the Early Roman period Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (1976).
  6. Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) 2.6.3; Antiquities 17.11.4 (17.317).
  7. Josephus, Antiquities 17.188–189, War 1.664.

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