Uveitis

Uveitis
Oko, ki ga je prizadel uveiitis.
Specialnostoftalmologija
Simptomiglavoboli, pordelost oči, zamegljen vid, fotofobija, pekoče oči
Zapletisiva mrena,[1] slabovidnost, slepota[2]
Vzrokiokužbe, sistemske imunsko pogojene bolezni ali imunske motnje, omejene samo na oko[3]

Uveítis je vnetje uvee oziroma srednje, močno ožiljene plasti zrkla.[4] Glede na prizadet predel uvee delimo uveitise na:[4][3]

  • anteriorni uveitis – vnetje sprednjega dela uvee oziroma sprednjega prekata (npr. iritis, ciklitis, iridociklitis);
  • intermediarni uveitis – kronično očesno vnetje z glavnino vnetja v steklovini;
  • posteriorni uveitis – vnetje zadajšnjega dela uvee in prizadene mrežnico in/ali žilnico (npr. horoiditis, horioretinitis);
  • panuveitis – zajema vse tri predele (sprednji prekat, steklovina in mrežnica ali/in žilnica).

Gre za heterogeno vnetno skupino očesnih bolezni, ki jih lahko povzročijo okužbe, sistemske imunsko pogojene bolezni ali pa imunske motnje, ki so omejene samo na oko.[3] Uveitis je razmeroma redka bolezen, vendar pa je v razvitem svetu tretji najpogostejši vzrok slepote in slabovidnosti (za starostno degeneracijo rumene pege in zapleti na mrežnici zaradi sladkorne bolezni).[2]

Uveitis glede na prizadete strukture

Anteriorni uveitis

Pri anteriornem uveitisu je vnetje anatomsko lokalizirano v sprednjem prekatu in zajema šarenico in/ali sprednji del ciliarnika (iritis, iridociklitis, anteriorni ciklitis).[5]

Intermediarni uveitis

Intermediarni uveitis je kronično očesno vnetje, ki prizadene predvsem steklovino. Najpogosteje prizadene mlajše osebe. Vnetje je lahko idiopatsko (brez pojasnjenega vzroka) ali pa se pojavi v sklopu sistemske infekcijske ali avtoimunske bolezni. Najpogostejši zaplet je siva mrena (katarakta).[6]

Posteriorni uveitis

Posteriorni uveitis prizadene zadajšnji del uvee; mrežnico (retinitis), žilnico (horoiditis) ali oboje (horioretinitis).[3]

Vzroki

Uveitis lahko povzroči okužba (sifilis, lymska bolezen), sistemski imunski vzrok (npr. sarkoidoza) ali pa imunsko posredovani vzrok, omejen na oko (npr. simpatična oftalmija).[2][3] Pri več kot polovici primerov gre za idiopatično bolezen oziroma vzrok ni pojasnjen.[2]

Sklici

  1. ↑ Hawlina M. s sod. Operacije katarakte pri bolnikih z uveitisom. Zdrav Vestn. 2002; 71: II-3–5.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Vidović Valentinčič N. Uveitis. V: Očesna vnetja – zbornik predavanj, Ljubljana: Zbornica zdravstvene in babiške nege Slovenije - Zveza strokovnih društev medicinskih sester, babic in zdravstvenih tehnikov Slovenije, Sekcija medicinskih sester in zdravstvenih tehnikov v oftalmologiji, 2019, str.: 7–14.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Vidović Valentinčič N. Obravnava bolnika z uveitisom. V: Uveitis. Izbrana poglavja iz oftalmologije. Učbenik, Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana, Očesna klinika, Ljubljana, april 2014. Str. 7–28.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 https://www.termania.net/slovarji/slovenski-medicinski-slovar/5543339/uveitis, Slovenski medicinski e-slovar, vpogled: 2. 10. 2020.
  5. ↑ Sember N., Vidović Valentinčič N. Pristop k bolniku z anteriornim uveitisom. V: Uveitis. Izbrana poglavja iz oftalmologije. Učbenik, Univerzitetni klinični center Ljubljana, Očesna klinika, Ljubljana, april 2014. Str. 33–47.
  6. ↑ Počkar P, Vidović Valentinčič N. Diagnostika, zdravljenje in spremljanje odraslega bolnika z intermediarnim uveitisom. Zdrav Vestn. 2016; 85: 337–347.

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