Kunašir

Otok Kunašir
Кунаши́р
国後島
Rt Stolbčati na zahodni strani otoka
Otok Kunašir Кунаши́р 国後島 se nahaja v Rusija
Otok Kunašir Кунаши́р 国後島
Otok Kunašir
Кунаши́р
国後島
Otok Kunašir Кунаши́р 国後島 se nahaja v Japonska
Otok Kunašir Кунаши́р 国後島
Otok Kunašir
Кунаши́р
国後島
Geografija
LegaOhotsko morje
Koordinati44°07′N 145°51′E / 44.117°N 145.850°E / 44.117; 145.850
OtočjeKurilsko otočje
Površina1.490 km2
Dolžina123 km
Širinaod 4 km do 30 km
Najvišja nadm. višina1.819 m
Najvišji vrhTjatja
Uprava
Rusija
Federalni subjektSahalinska oblast
RajonJužno-Kurilski
Demografija
Prebivalstvookoli 7000 (leta 2007)
Topografska karta otoka
Reka Sulfuric
Obala Kunaširja: fotografija ruskega predsednika Dmitrija Medvedeva, november 2010

Otok Kunašir (rusko Кунаши́р, latinizirano: Kunashír; japonsko 国後島,, latinizirano: Kunashiri-tō; Ainu クナシㇼ, latinizirano Kunasir), ki morda pomeni Črni otok ali Travnati otok v jeziku ljudstva Ainu, je južni otok Kurilskega otočja. Otok zahtevata tako Rusija kot Japonska. Med drugo svetovno vojno ga je osvojila Sovjetska zveza.

Geografija

Kunašir leži med prelivom otoka Kunašir, Katarina, Izmena in Južni Kuril. Otok Kunašir je viden z bližnjega japonskega otoka Hokaido, od katerega ga loči preliv Nemuro.

  • Površina: 1.490 km²
  • Dolžina: 123 km
  • Širina: 4–30 km

Otok Kunašir tvorijo štirje vulkani, ki so bili ločeni otoki, a so jih od takrat združila nizko ležeča območja z jezeri in vročimi izviri. Vsi ti vulkani so še vedno aktivni: Tjatja (Chachadake (爺爺岳), 1819 m), Smirnov (Вулкан Смирнова, 1189 m), Mendelejev (rusko Менделе́ева, japonsko Rausu-san ( 羅臼山), 882 m) in Golovnin (rusko Головнин, japonsko Tomari-yama ( 泊山), 535 m).[1] Otok je sestavljen iz vulkanskih in kristalinskih kamnin.

Okolje

Podnebje je vlažno celinsko z zelo močnimi padavinami predvsem jeseni in močnim sezonskim nihanjem z najvišjimi temperaturami avgusta in septembra. Vegetacijo večinoma sestavljajo smrekovi, borovi, jelkini in mešani listopadni gozdovi z lianami in grmovjem Kurilskega bambusa. Gore so pokrite z grmičevjem breze in sibirskega bora (Pinus pumila), zelnatimi cvetovi ali golimi skalami. Na otoku Kunaširi so bila julija 2001 najdena jedra stoletnih hrastov (Quercus crispula).[2]

Pomembno območje za ptice

Mednarodno pomembna območja za ptice (BirdLife International) je Kunašir, skupaj s sosednjo verigo manjših Kurilskih otokov, priznal kot pomembno območje za ptice (IBA), saj otok podpira populacije različnih ogroženih vrst ptic, vključno s številnimi vodnimi pticami, morskimi pticami in selivkami.[3]

Zgodovina

Klan Matsumae je leta 1754 ustanovil ribiško in trgovsko območje Kunašir (国後場所, Kunashiri-basho).[4] Upravni urad ribiškega in trgovskega mesta je v Tomariju (zdaj Golovnino). Območje ribiškega in trgovskega mesta Kunašir so sestavljali otoki Kunašir, Iturup in Urup.

Leta 1789 je bil otok Kunašir eden od krajev bitke Menaši-Kunaširi, v kateri so se ljudstvo Ainu uprli japonskim trgovcem in kolonistom.

Ruski pomorščak, vice admiral Vasilij Mihajlovič Golovnin je leta 1811 poskušal narediti zemljevid in raziskati otok, a so ga japonske oblasti prijele in je preživel dve leti v zaporu.

1. septembra 1945 ali dan pred podpisom dokumentov o predaji iz druge svetovne vojne 2. septembra 1945 je Sovjetska zveza v skladu z dogovori, doseženimi na konferenci na Jalti, napadla in zasedla Kurilske otoke. To se je zgodilo po tem, ko se je Sovjetska zveza odrekla sovjetsko-japonskemu paktu o nevtralnosti, ki je bil podpisan aprila 1941 in Japonski napovedala vojno 9. avgusta 1945 (formalno je sam pakt ostal v veljavi do 13. aprila 1946). Čeprav se je Japonska po posvetovanju strinjala, da bo v okviru pogodbe iz San Francisca leta 1951 odstopila svoje terjatve do Kurilskih otokov, japonska vlada že od sredine 1950-ih trdi, da južni otoki niso del predanih Kurilskih otokov.

Naselja

Največje naselje na otoku Kunašir je Južno-Kurilsk, upravno središče okrožja Južno-Kurilski.

Gospodarstvo

Primarna gospodarska dejavnost je ribiška industrija. Otok ima pristanišče poleg Južno-Kurilska. Otok Kunašir ima geotermalno elektrarno Mendeleevskaya GeoPP z zmogljivostjo 1,8 MW.[5]

Otok oskrbuje letališče Mendelejevo.

Prebivalstvo

Po potresu leta 1994 je približno ena tretjina prebivalstva otoka Kunašir odšla in se ni vrnila. Do leta 2002 je bilo na otoku približno 7800 prebivalcev. Skupno prebivalstvo spornih Kurilskih otokov je bilo takrat približno 17.000.[6]

Sklici

  1. Volcanoes
  2. Jacoby, G.; Solomina, O.; Frank, D.; Eremenko, N.; D'Arrigo, R. (2004). »Kunashir (Kuriles) Oak 400-year reconstruction of temperature and relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation«. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 209 (1–4): 303–311. Bibcode:2004PPP...209..303J. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.015.
  3. »Lesser Kuril Ridge and Kunashir Island«. BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Pridobljeno 7. februarja 2021.
  4. 戸祭由美夫『絵図に見る幕末の北辺防備:五稜郭と城郭・陣屋・台場』古今書院、2018年、71頁(Tomatsuri Yumio, Japanese Military Architectures around the Coast of Yezo Province in the Nineteenth Century, (Tokyo: Kokon Shoin Publishers Ltd), p.71. ISBN 9784772220248
  5. "2007 Survey of Energy Resources" (PDF). World Energy Council 2007. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  6. Yuzhno-Kurilsk Journal; Between Russia and Japan, a Pacific Tug of War — The New York Times, 2002

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