Interferencia (vlny)

Interferencia

Interferencia alebo interferenčný jav alebo interferencia vlnenia je vo fyzike skladanie (superpozícia) niekoľkých koherentných vlnení rovnakého druhu do jedného výsledného vlnenia.

V pružnom prostredí sa môže súčasne šíriť vlnenie od viacerých zdrojov. Môžeme to pozorovať na pokojnej hladine jazera, ak na ňu hodíme dva kamienky. Od miesta dopadu každého z nich sa budú šíriť a prechádzať cez seba kružnice vlnoplôch. V miestach, v ktorých vlnenia prechádzajú jedno cez druhé vzniká otázka, aká bude výchylka daného bodu prostredia. S podobným problémom sme sa už stretli pri skladaní kmitov. Ukázali sme, že výsledné kmitanie je vektorovým súčtom jednotlivých čiastočných kmitov. Princíp superpozície, ktorý sme využívali pri skladaní kmitov, platí aj pri skladaní vlnení. Vlnenie od jedného zdroja prechádza určitým priestorom tak, ako by iná, v tom istom priestore sa šíriaca vlna, vôbec neexistovala. V oblasti, kde sa vlnenia prekrývajú, bude podľa princípu superpozície výsledné vlnenie vektorovým súčtom jednotlivých vlnení. Teda výchylka určitého elementu prostredia bude vektorovým súčtom výchyliek, ktoré by daný element mal mať od každého z vlnení. Môže nastať zväčšenie, zmenšenie alebo dokonca aj zrušenie výchylky v danom mieste. Takéto prejavy prekrývania sa vlnení nazývame interferenčné javy. Interferenčné javy môžeme pozorovať iba v prípade, že interferujúce vlnenia sú koherentné.

V optike sa používaju ako koherentné zdroje hlavne lasery. Ak je fázový rozdiel dvoch koherentných vlnení v určitom bode 2 alebo iný párny násobok nastáva interferenčné zosilnenie. Ak fázový rozdiel je nepárny násobok nastáva interferenčné zoslabenie. interferenčný obrazec – svetelný obrazec zachytený na tienidle, ktorý vznikol ako dôsledok interferencie svetelných vĺn; zvyčajne sa skladá zo svetlých a tmavých plošiek, alebo prúžkov.

  • interferenčný obrazec – svetelný obrazec zachytený na tienidle, ktorý vznikol ako dôsledok interferencie svetelných vĺn; zvyčajne sa skladá zo svetlých a tmavých plošiek, alebo prúžkov (pozri obrázok hore).
  • interferenčné maximum – miesto na interferenčnom obrazci, v ktorom intenzita výslednej vlny, v porovnaní s inými miestami, je maximálna.
  • interferenčné minimum – miesto na interferenčnom obrazci, v ktorom intenzita výslednej vlny, v porovnaní s inými miestami, dosahuje minimálnu (niekedy aj nulovú) hodnotu.

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