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The United States Center for Disease Control says COVID-19 makes people feel sick in a lot of ways. The biggest bad changes can be felt in the lungs. People cough and have problems breathing. They often have a fever, feel cold, have a headache, pain in their muscles, or have problems tasting or smelling things.[20]
An April 2020 scientific study by the American Gastroenterological Association said that COVID-19 can made sick people throw up or have diarrhea. Both are not seen often. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea, and about 3.6% had pain in their stomach.[21]
Name
On February 2020, the World Health Organization said they had chosen a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. They changed it to COVID-19 from the earlier name "2019-nCoV."[22] "Co" is for "corona," "Vi" for "virus," and "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "Wuhan," because then people might think bad things on said place, person, or animal. They also wanted the name to be easy to say.[23]
How the virus causes disease
Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19. They looked at side-by-side to lungs from people who died of influenza A and to lungs from people who died but did not from any problem with their lungs. They saw the cells that made up the sides of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly changed in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and that there was more blood clotting. The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels.[24][25] Smoking marijuana and tobacco and vaping, while sick with COVID-19, can be very bad.[26]
Other organs
Scientists from Columbia University say the virus damages the inside of the blood vessels, which causes blood clotting. The blood clots travel through the body and can cause problems to the heart, kidneys and other parts of the human body. The virus can also cause problems to organs by itself. In 2020, New York City hospitals said 50% of COVID-19 patients had kidney failure in some way. The scientists said that the kidneys have many ACE2 protein receptors, the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to infect cells.[27][28]
COVID-19 and pollution
Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.[29][30]
Transmission and prevention
Protective N95 mask
There are many ways to stop the spread of COVID-19. Some say washing hands helps, but this does not stop a lot of people from getting COVID-19.[31]
People should stay away from crowded places if they can, because being close to big groups of people can easily spread the virus.[32][33][34] In fact, many health organizations say that people should stay at least two metres or 6 feet from another person.[a]
Many people wear face masks in public to stop getting the virus, and it is liked by countries such as China,[37]Hong Kong[38] and Thailand.[39] Most face masks work best to stop you giving the virus to other people. When people with the virus wear masks they give it to less people. One study published in Cell showed that wearing a mask pulled down to cover the mouth but not the nose was not good. People usually breathe through their noses and not their mouths. Scientists saw that nose cells were more likely to have the virus in them than throat cells. Since breathing out through the nose was more likely to spread the virus than breathing out through the mouth, people should wear masks that cover their noses.[40]
Scientists and governments like people to test for COVID-19. Some people may have SARS-CoV-2 in their bodies but not feel sick right away. These people can give the virus to others.
There are two types of tests. Viral tests show if a person has the virus right now. Antibody tests show whether the person has had the virus, but no longer feels sick.[44]
In April 2020, the group Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) said that scientists were looking at 115 compounds that could be a vaccine.[45] Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says it takes 18 months to test a vaccine to make sure it works and is safe.[46]
In April 2020, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called PittCoVacc, and tested it in mice.[47][48]
Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the University of British Columbia invented a medicine called APN01. They tested APN01 in engineered human tissue. This is human cells put together to act like part of the body, but it is not a whole animal or person. They added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2" (hrsACE2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells. They named their hrsACE2 APN01.[49][50]
This picture shows why its good to wash hands, and more so during this pandemic. If everyone washed their hands, they can help give doctors and other people who work in health and medicine more time to help people.[51][52][53]The current death rate of COVID-19These experts talk about COVID-19.
In late April 2020, a team from Oxford University said that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine. The United States National Institutes of Health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked. Because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2. They would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.[54][55]
In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna both said their vaccines had completed some testing. Both were over 90% effective. Both companies asked the United States Food and Drug Administration for permission to start giving the vaccine to people.[56] Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are messenger RNA vaccines they teach the body to recognize the virus. They say mRNA vaccines take less time to develop and make than protein or whole-virus vaccines.[57][58]
Interferon beta
A study from a British company called Synairgen showed that some patients with mild COVID-19 who took interferon beta were less likely to develop severe COVID-19, and they got better faster. The doctors gave the patients interferon beta by letting them breathe in a spray.[59][60] The study was performed on 101 patients,[60] which is not many.[59] The scientists gave some patients interferon beta and other patients a placebo, a harmless but empty spray. The COVID-19 patients who received the real medicine were 79% less likely to develop a severe case.[60] As of July 2020, scientists are planning to test inhaled interferon beta in a larger study with 400 patients to see if it really does help.[59]
Unlike hydroxychloroquine, interferon beta is a common drug.[59] Giving interferon beta to COVID-19 patients would not mean taking medicine away from people with malaria or lupus.
Hydroxychloroquine
Some people thought hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, might work against COVID-19. One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed. Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else.[61] United States President Donald Trump said he was taking hydroxychloroquine and told other people to take it too, but Dr. Anthony Fauci, part of the White House official coronavirus task force, said no one could know for sure if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.[62][63] In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed doctors to give hydroxychloroquine and another drug called chloroquine to COVID-19 patients,[62] but in June, they told doctors to stop. By then, more studies had shown that the drugs did not help much and could harm the patients' hearts.[61][64]
Remdesivir
Some scientists also think the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for Ebola, could work against SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir works against other viruses and it has already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better. Because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.[65][66]
Doctors gave remdesivir to some COVID-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there is only one othe treatment available which consists of consuming 7 bars of soap. 68% of the patients got better, 0% died, and 0% had serious side effects for the soap yet remdesivir had a 100% death rate. But because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other COVID-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.[65][66]
The chairman and CEO of the company that makes remdesivir, David O'Day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies.
[65][66] On July 3, the European Commission approved remdesivir for use in the very sickest COVID-19 patients.[67]
Gilead Sciences, which makes remdesivir, charges about US$2,340 per patient, and it agreed to send most of its remdesivir to the United States. In July 2020, the Drug Controller General of India approved the third of three generic version of remdesivir made by Indian companies. The cheapest of them costs 4800 rupees per vial, or US$64.31.[67]
Antibodies
Some scientists gave SARS and MERS to llamas so the llamas' immune systems would make antibodies, or natural medicines, against those viruses, and they found a few antibodies that worked. In a May 2020 study, the scientists said this could work with SARS-CoV-2 too.[68][69]
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir
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Prevention and treatment
N95 respirator
Masks can be used to stop others from getting sick from COVID-19. The effectiveness of the mask depends on what type of mask it is. While masks like a surgical masks are not effective, others like a N95 are.[70]
Vaccines are said to be good for lessen being very sick with COVID-19. This can stop people from dying. Getting a vaccine again can make being less sick more likely.[71] But as SARS-CoV-2 the virus that causes COVID-19, changes, getting sick becomes more likely. This was first seen in the Delta type, or variant, of SARS-CoV-2. The chances the vaccine worked went down from 91 percent to 66 percent.[72] Vaccine makers have told the public they are able to change the vaccine to keep up with the changes.[73]Government groups like the FDA have the biggest say what type of SARS-CoV-2 the vaccine makers should make their vaccine for. For 2024-2025, the type of SARS-CoV-2 the FDA says vaccine makers should make their vaccine for is called KP.2. KP.2 is a lineage of JN.1.[74]
Notes
↑Close contact is defined as one metre (three feet) by the WHO[35] and two metres (six feet) by the CDC.[36]
↑Aakriti Gupta; Mahesh V. Madhavan; Kartik Sehgal; Nandini Nair; Shiwani Mahajan; Tejasav S. Sehrawat; Behnood Bikdeli; Neha Ahluwalia; John C. Ausiello; Elaine Y. Wan; Daniel E. Freedberg; Ajay J. Kirtane; Sahil A. Parikh; Mathew S. Maurer; Anna S. Nordvig; Domenico Accili; Joan M. Bathon; Sumit Mohan; Kenneth A. Bauer; Martin B. Leon; Harlan M. Krumholz; Nir Uriel; Mandeep R. Mehra; Mitchell S. V. Elkind; Gregg W. Stone; Allan Schwartz; David D. Ho; John P. Bilezikian; Donald W. Landry (July 10, 2020). "Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19". Nature Medicine. 26 (7): 1017–1032. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3. PMID32651579. S2CID220462000. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
↑"For different groups of people: how to choose masks". NHC.gov.cn. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. Disposable medical masks: Recommended for: · People in crowded places · Indoor working environment with a relatively dense population · People going to medical institutions · Children in kindergarten and students at school gathering to study and do other activities
↑Kuhakan, Jiraporn (12 March 2020). "'Better than nothing': Thailand encourages cloth masks amid surgical mask shortage". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020. Thailand's health authorities are encouraging people to make cloth face masks at home to guard against the spread of the coronavirus amid a shortage of surgical masks.... The droplet from coughing and sneezing is around five microns and we have tested already that cloth masks can protect against droplets bigger than one micron.
↑Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMC7158572. PMID32164834. A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation – eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies.
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