Starogrčki jezik

starogrčki jezik
Ἑλληνική
Hellēnikḗ
Regijeistočni Mediteran
Izumrorazvio se u koine grčki jezik do 4. veka p. n. e.ticeka v ritko majmunr
Jezična porodicaindoevropski
  • starogrčki jezik
Pismogrčki alfabet
Jezični kodovi
ISO 639-1
ISO 639-2grc
ISO 639-3grc
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Starogrčki dijalekti oko 400. pne.

Starogrčki jezik (ἡ Ἑλληνική γλῶττα, [hē hellēnikḗ glōtta], grčki: Ἀρχαία Ἑλληνική [Archaía Ellinikí]; ili antički grčki jezik) je istorijski indoevropski jezik iz oblasti istočnog Mediterana.[1]

Ovaj jezik predstavlja ranu fazu razvoja grčkog jezika, u periodu od postanka grčkog alfabeta (9. vek pne.) do početka helenističke ere (IV vek pne.). Starogrčki jezik se u književnosti koristio mnogo duže, do sedmog veka nove ere. Kao norma klasičnog grčkog jezika služio je dijalekt Atike iz 5. i 4. veka pne. Grčki jezik u periodu 600-1453. se označava kao srednjovjekovni grčki. Za njim je sledio novogrčki, jezik moderne Grčke, koji se u kontinuitetu razvio iz starogrčkog.

Starogrčki jezik je jezik izolat, što znači da nema bližih srodnika u okviru indoevropske jezičke porodice. Jedini savremeni jezik koji je proizašao iz ovog jezika je novogrčki, tako da se ova dva jezika, i pored velikih razlika, smatraju jednim istim jezikom. Mnoge reči starogrčkog jezika su ušle u latinski jezik i sve moderne evropske jezike, naročito kroz stručnu terminologiju. U novijem dobu, starogrčki jezik se izučavao i izučava u okviru klasične filologije.

Na starogrčkom jeziku su napisani Homerovi epovi, Ilijada i Odiseja, kao i velika dela grčke književnosti, pozorišta, nauke i filozofije iz zlatnog doba antike. Značajan je i kao jezik na kome su pisani rani hrišćanski tekstovi, poput Novog zaveta.

Po ISO 639 standardizaciji, oznaka za starogrčki jezik je grc.

Razvoj starogrčkog

Porijeklo ranih oblika i rani razvoj grčkih narječja nije dobro poznat zbog nedostatka dokaza. Jedino potvrđeno narječje iz brončanog doba je mikenski grčki (1600. - 1100. pr. Kr.) koje se piše linearom B, preuzetim s Krete. Nakon toga dolazi razdoblje u kojemu nema pisanja, koje traje do osmog stoljeća pr. Kr., kada Grci prilagođavaju pismo od Feničana.

S invazijom Dorana 1120. pr. Kr. počinju se razvijati starogrčka narječja. U klasičnome razdoblju jezik se dijeli na:

Arkadociparsko narječje najsličnije je mikenskom grčkom toliko da ga neki smatraju ostacima mikenske Grčke.

Dorsko narječje prostiralo se od južnog Peloponeza do Krete i južnih grčkih otoka te dorskih kolonija u južnoj Italiji i Siciliji. Smatra se da ahajska i sjeverozapadna narječja također spadaju u dorsku skupinu.

Jonsko narječje je steklo prestiž između grčkih govornika zbog svoje povezanosti s jezikom Homerovih i Herodotovih djela. Homerova djela zapisana su homerskim grčkim koji se sastojao uglavnom od starojonskog s posuđenicama iz susjednog eolskog narječja, a jezično je blizak atičkome narječju kojime se govorilo u Ateni. Reforme pisanja provedene su u Ateni 403. pr. Kr., pri čemu je stari atički alfabet zamijenjen jonskom verzijom koju je koristio grad Milet. Ovo pismo je kasnije postalo standardni grčki alfabet.

Atički grčki bio je prestižno narječje kojim se govorilo u Atici i Ateni. Od ostalih narječja je najsličnije kasnijim oblicima grčkog. Ponekad je uvršteno u istu skupinu s jonskim narječjem. Utjecaj atičkog širi se zajedno s kulturnim utjecajem Atene (klasični grčki).

S osvajanjima Aleksandra Velikog u 4. stoljeću pr. Kr. atički grčki se širi na nova područja i pojednostavljuje, te se pretvara u koiné (Κοινή), zajednički jezik istočnog Sredozemlja. Ostaje dominantan jezik i nakon širenja Rimskog carstva na ta područja, pa je grčkom koiné napisan i biblijski Novi zavjet. Koiné se kasnije postepeno pretvara u srednjevjekovni odnosno bizantski grčki.

Povezano

Izvori

  1. Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.

Literatura

  • Francisco R. Adrados: Geschichte der griechischen Sprache von den Anfängen bis heute. Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-7720-2981-7.
  • Egbert Bakker (Hrsg.): A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language. Malden 2010.
  • A.-F. Christidis (Hrsg.): A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge u. a. 2007 (orig. Thessaloniki 2001).
  • Hans Eideneier: Von Rhapsodie zu Rap. Aspekte der griechischen Sprachgeschichte von Homer bis heute. Tübingen 1999, ISBN 3-8233-5202-4.
  • Lothar Willms: Klassische Philologie und Sprachwissenschaft. Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8252-3857-5.
  • Albert Thumb u. a.: Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte. Heidelberg. Bd. 1: 1932; Bd. 2: 1959.
  • Carl Darling Buck: The Greek Dialects. Bristol 1999, ISBN 1-85399-556-8 (Repr. d. Ausg. Chicago 1928).
  • Antonín Bartonek: Classification of the West Greek Dialects at the time about 350 B.C. Amsterdam 1972.
  • José L. Garcia-Ramón: Les origines postmycéniennes du groupe dialectal éolien. Salamanca 1975.
  • Rüdiger Schmitt: Einführung in die griechischen Dialekte. Darmstadt 1991, ISBN 3-534-05672-8.
  • Wolfgang Blümel: Die aiolischen Dialekte. Phonologie und Morphologie der inschriftlichen Texte aus generativer Sicht. Göttingen 1982, ISBN 3-525-26218-3.
  • Yves Duhoux: Introduction aux dialectes grecs anciens. Louvain-La-Neuve 1984, ISBN 2-87077-177-0.
  • Domenico Musti (Hrsg.): Le origini dei greci – Dori e mondo egeo. Rom 1990, ISBN 88-420-3517-3.
  • Julian Mendez Dosuna: Los dialectos Dorios del noroeste. Gramatica y estudio dialectal. Salamanca 1985, ISBN 84-7481-327-1.
  • Robert Stephen Paul Beekes: Etymological dictionary of Greek. Leiden 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17420-7 (2 Bände).
  • Pierre Chantraine: Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. Klincksieck, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-252-03681-5
  • Hjalmar Frisk: Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg 1973 (3 Bände).
  • Alois Vanicek: Griechisch-lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Wiesbaden 1972 (Nachdruck der Ausgabe Leipzig 1877). Digitalisate: Band I, ISBN 3-500-24610-9; Band II ISBN 3-500-24620-6.
  • Wilhelm Gemoll: Griechisch–Deutsches Schul- und Handwörterbuch. München 2006, ISBN 3-486-13401-9.
  • Langenscheidt: Langenscheidts Taschenwörterbuch Altgriechisch, München, ISBN 978-3-468-11032-0 (basierend auf dem Wörterbuch von H. Menge).
  • Henry Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones u. a.: A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford 1996, ISBN 0-19-864226-1.
  • Wilhelm Pape: Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache in 4 Bänden. ADEVA, Graz 1954 (Nachdruck der Ausgabe Braunschweig 1842).
  • Wilhelm Pape: Griechisch-Deutsch [Elektronische Ressource] : altgriechisches Wörterbuch, Neusatz und Faksimile, Directmedia Publishing, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89853-517-7.
  • Eduard Bornemann und Ernst Risch: Griechische Grammatik. Frankfurt/M. 1986, ISBN 3-425-06850-4.
  • Herbert W. Smyth: Greek Grammar. Cambridge/Mass. 1984, ISBN 0-674-36250-0.
  • Adolf Kaegi: Kurzgefasste griechische Schulgrammatik. Hildesheim 2001, ISBN 3-615-70100-3 (Erstausgabe Berlin 1884).
  • Eduard Schwyzer: Griechische Grammatik. München 1990 ff. (3 Bände).
  • Helmut Rix: Historische Grammatik des Griechischen. Laut- und Formlehre. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1992, ISBN 3-534-03840-1.
  • Andrew L. Sihler: New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. New York 1995, ISBN 0-19-508345-8.
  • W. Sidney Allen: Vox Graeca. A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek. Cambridge 1968 (Taschenbuchausgabe 1987), ISBN 978-0-521-33555-3.

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