Molekularna biologija

Molekularna biologija je izučavanje biologije na molekularnom nivou. Ovo područje preklapa se s drugim područjima biologije, posebice genetikom i biokemijom. Molekularna biologija teži istraživanju i razumijevanju interakcija između različitih staničnih sustava, uključujući međuodnose DNA, RNA i proteinske sinteze te učenju kako su te interakcije regulirane.

Pišući u Nature, W.T. Astbury je molekularnu biologiju opisao kao:

"... ne toliko kao tehniku nego kao pristup, pristup s gledišta takozvanih bazičnih znanosti s idejom vodiljom traženja odgovarajućeg molekularnog plana ispod razine oku vidljivih manifestacija klasične biologije. Osobito je zaokupljena oblikom bioloških molekula i ..... uglavnom je tri-dimenzionalna i strukturna - to, dakako, ne znači da je samo prerada morfologije - jer ona za razliku od morfologije uz to istovremeno mora uzeti u obzir i postanak i funkciju"

Odnos s drugim biološkim znanostima na molekularnoj razini

Shematski prikaz odnosa između biokemije, genetike i molekularne biologije

Molekularni biolozi koriste posebne metode prirodne za molekularnu biologiju (pogledaj sekciju Metode niže u članku), ali te metode sve više kombinira s metodama i idejama iz područja genetike, biokemije i biofizike. Više ne postoji čvrsta linija koja je odjeljivala te znanstvene grane. Priložena slika je shematski prikaz jednog pogleda na odnos među tim područjima:

  • Biokemija je studij kemijskih tvari i procesa koji se odvijaju u živim organizmima.
  • Genetika je studij učinaka genetičkih razlika na organizmima. To se često može uočiti ukoliko nedostaje normalna komponenta (npr. jedan gen). Proučavanje "mutanata" – organizmi kojima nedostaje jedan ili više funkcionalnih komponenti u odnosu na takozvani "divlji tip" ili normalni fenotip.
  • Molekularna biologija je studij molekularnih osnova procesa replikacije, transkripcije i translacije genetičkog materijala. Centralna dogma molekularne biologije koja kaže da se genetski materijal (DNA) transkribira u RNA i tada translatira u protein, pruža dobru startnu poziciju za razumijevanje ovog područja.

Puno poslova u molekularnoj biologiji je kvantitativne prirode, i u zadnje vrijeme je puno učinjeno u međuvezi molekularne biologije i kompjuterskih znanosti bioinformatici. Uz bioinformatiku, studij strukture i funkcije gena, molekularna genetika, je jedna od najperspektivnijih grana molekularne biologije.

Sve više područja biologije se počinje baviti proučavanjem molekula, ili da direktno proučavaju njihove interakcije u stanici kao stanična biologija i razvojna biologija, ili indirektno, gdje se metode molekularne biologije koriste kako bi se donijeli zaključci o populacijama ili vrstama, kao u područjima evolucijske biologije kao što su populacijska genetika i filogenetika.

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