Metal

Metal ili kovina je supstancija koja se sastoji od atoma metalnih hemijskih elemenata koji nisu povezani sa drugim atomima.

Za metalne elemente uzimaju se hemijski elementi koji u čistom obliku pokazuju fizičke i hemijske osobine metala. Te osobine su:

Metali i njihove legure imaju odlične mehaničke osobine zbog čega se koriste za izgradnju mašina i alata, a takođe i kao i materijali u građevinarstvu.

Velika većina u periodnom sistemu su metali. Po mestu na kome se nalaze u periodnom sistemu dele se na:

Metali čine oko 78% svih hemijskih elemenata, a nalaze se na lijevoj strani i centralnom dijelu periodnog sistema elemenata.Njih u prirodi vrlo rijetko nalazimo samorodne, a mnogo češće u spojevima-rudama.Rude su obično pomiješane sa jalovinom pa ih treba koncentrisati i obogaćivati.

Rude se obogaćuju na više načina: ručnim odabiranjem, prosijavanjem, taloženjem, magnetnom metodom, flotacijom i izluživanjem. Kada je ruda obogaćena prelazi se dobijanju metala iz nje. Postoji zato više metoda. Koji će s emetod primijeniti ovisi o tome da li je ruda oksidna, sulfidna,karbonatna ili je so neke kiseline. Stoga se primjenjuju postupci:redukcije, oksidacije s naknadnom edukcijom i postupak elektrolize. Željezo se dobija metodom redukcije, a aluminij metodom elektrolize.

Industrijska grana koja se bavi dobivanjem metala iz rude zove se metalurgija. Razlikujemo crnu i obojenu metalurgiju te laku i tešku metalurgiju.

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