Katalonci

Katalonci je naziv za romansku etničku grupu koja živi španskoj autonomnoj zajednici Katalonija, kao i obližnjim dijelovima Španije (Valencia i Balearski otoci) te Francuske (Catalunya de Nord) i Andore.

Katalonci uglavnom dijele porijeklo s drugim narodima na Iberijskom poluotoku te predstavljaju potomke romaniziranih keltoiberskih prastanovnika, a današnji katalonski jezik je svoje početke imao u vulgarizaciji latinskog jezika koja se na području današnje Katalonije bilježi pred kraj Zapadnog rimskog carstva.

Na formiranje katalonske nacionalne svijesti je važan utjecaj imala činjenica da su oblasti oko današnje Barcelone bile među prvima koje su u procesu reconquiste oslobođene od arapskih osvajača, te su njeni stanovnici bili manje izloženi arapskim utjecajima i tako formirali zaseban kulturni, a kroz Krunu Aragona i politički identitet.

Katalonija i Katalonci su krajem 15. vijeka vjenčanjem Ferdinanda II Aragonskog i Izabele Kastiljske postali dio jedinstvene španske države. Nastojanja da se očuva poseban katalonski identitet su 1640. godine dovele do katalonskog ustanka u koji se umiješala Francuska, a koji je 1659. doveo do Pirinejskog mira i podjele Katalonije na španski i francuski dio.

Katalonci su u obje države bili izloženi centralizatorskim nastojanjima da se zatre njihov nacionalni identitet. U Španiji je u tome bilo malo uspjeha, jer se španski dio Katalonije profilirao kao relativno prosperitetna regija, napredna u odnosu na ostatak Španije. To je u 20. vijeku dalo podlogu za pokret kojemu je cilj bio autonomija Katalonije, koja je ustanovljena 1932. godine nakon uspostavljanja Republike.

Katalonci su zbog toga u španskom građanskom ratu bili na strani Republike, a nakon poraza su podvrgnuti brutalnoj represiji od strane pobjedničkih nacionalista na čelu s Franciscom Francom. Katalonski nacionalni identitet je ponovno priznat tek nakon Francove smrti, a 1978. ponovno uspostavljena katalonska autonomija. Dio Katalonaca, međutim, s time nije zadovoljan te zahtijeva suverenitet odnosno punu nezavisnost.

Katalonaca ima otprilike 7 miliona. Po vjeri su uglavnom katolici, ali se od ostatka populacije na Iberijskom poluotoku razlikuju i po velikom broju agnostika i ateista. Uz to se povezuje tradicionalna podrška lijevim političkim opcijama kao što su socijalizam, komunizam i anarhizam.

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