Hladni izvori

Biomi
Suhozemni biomi
Tundra
Tajga/borealne šume
Planinski travnjaci i šikare
Crnogorične šume umjerenog pojasa
Tropske i suptropske četinarske šume
Umjerene širokolisne i mješovite šume
Mediteranske šume i makije
Tropske i suptropske vlažne širokolisne šume
Tropske i suptropske suhe širokolisne šume
Umjereni travnjaci, savane i šikare
Tropski i suptropski travnjaci, savane i šikare
Pustinje i vegetacija sušnih područja
Plavljena travna vegetacija
Riparianska zona
Vlažno područje
Vodeni biomi
Jezero
Litoral
Šume mangrova
Šuma kelpa
Koraljni greben
Neritička zona
Epikontinentalni pojas
Pelagijska zona
Bentos
Hidrotermalni izvori
Hladni izvori
Led
Drugi biomi
Endolitska zona

Hladni izvori su jedna zona morskog dna gdje se stvaraju pare vodikovog sulfida, metana i drugih ugljikovodika, često u obliku bazena slane vode. Hladni izvori su ekosistem koji je dom za nekoliko endemičnih vrsta.

Tijekom vremena, hladni izvori razviju jednu jedinstvenu topografiju, jer reakcije između metana i morske vode stvaraju karbonatne stijene i grebene. Ove reakcije mogu ovisiti o bakterijskoj aktivnosti. Ikait, hidrat kalcijevog karbonata, je možda povezan sa oksidacijom metana iz hladnih izvora.

Ovi podvodni "mofeti" možda leže na područjima podvodnih vulkana. Mjehurići plina, ponekada otrovni, izlaze iz malenih rupica u obroncima kratera, u oceanskim procjepima, u zonama sa visokom tektonskom aktivnošću i u zonama bogatim ugljikovodicima. Ako su ti izvori otrovni (s visokim razinama sumpornog dioksida i ugljika), nije neuobičajeno naći malene ribe i škampe ugušene oko "oceanskih fumarola". Za razliku od toga, ako izvori ispuštaju ugljikovodike poput metana (na primjer, u Meksičkom zaljevu), mogu održavati podvodni život (dagnje, mekane koralje, rakove itd.) koji ovisi o bakterijama koje se hrane metanom. Ovo se dešava oko crnih dimnjaka, koji se nalaze u zonama podvodnih vulkana i koji su isto dom jedinstvenim bićima koja ovise o parama iz hidrotermalnih izvora. Ovo se također dešava na dnu mora sa velikom vulkanskom aktivnošću (oko Antila, Galapagosa, itd.).

Galerija

  • Simbiotski cjevasti crvi Lamellibrachia luymesi kod jednog hladnog izvora, 550 m ispod mora u Meksičkom zaljevu. U sedimentu oko baze se nalaze narančaste bakterije vrste Beggiatoa i prazne školjke raznih mrtvih životinja, poput puževa, koje također nastanjuju hladne izvore.
    Simbiotski cjevasti crvi Lamellibrachia luymesi kod jednog hladnog izvora, 550 m ispod mora u Meksičkom zaljevu. U sedimentu oko baze se nalaze narančaste bakterije vrste Beggiatoa i prazne školjke raznih mrtvih životinja, poput puževa, koje također nastanjuju hladne izvore.
  • Brojni hladni izvori (odakle vjerojatno dolazi CO2) na obroncima podvodnog vulkana. Obratite pažnju na zgusnuća oko pare sumpora.
    Brojni hladni izvori (odakle vjerojatno dolazi CO2) na obroncima podvodnog vulkana. Obratite pažnju na zgusnuća oko pare sumpora.

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