Geigerov brojač

Geigerov brojač

Geigerov brojač je instrument koji se koristi za otkrivanje i mjerenje radioaktivnog zračenja te se rutinski primjenjuje za mjerenje stupnja ozračenosti iz bilo kojeg izvora: nuklearnih elektrana, istraživačkih laboratorija ili atmosfere. Budući da jako nuklearno zračenje predstavlja opasnost po život, neobično su važne pouzdane i brze detekcije nuklearnog zračenja. Tome služi Geigerov brojač koji je ostao uglavnom nepromijenjen otkako je prvi puta izumljen.

Historija

Geigerov brojač je 1910. godine izumio mladi i daroviti njemački fizičar Hans Geiger koji je s kolegom Rutherfordom radio na britanskom Sveučilištu u Manchesteru. U to vrijeme Rutherford i njegovi suradnici radili su na proučavanju alfa-čestica koje su u stvari jezgre helija. Njih je osobito zanimala mogućnost brojenja pojedinih alfa-čestica.

Način rada

Prvobitni instrument za brojenje alfa-čestica sastojao se od fine tanke žice nabijene visokom napetošću, a prolazila je središtem valjka iz kojeg je bio gotovo isisan zrak. Kada su alfa-čestice prolazile razrijeđenim plinom, u valjku su uzrokovale nabijanje čestica plina. Taj proces naziva se ionizacija. Slijedilo je kratkotrajno opadanje električnog napona a impuls struje pobuđen svakom pojedinom alfa-česticom mogao se opaziti na brojčaniku. Danas se to ponekad čuje kao "klik" na zvučniku brojača.

Geigerov brojač može razlikovati alfa-čestice od ostalih vrsta radijacije - beta i gama zraka (putem snižavanja napetosti tanke žice u valjku). Stoga je vrlo jednostavno otkriti koju vrstu radioaktivnosti zrači pojedini radioizotop i kolika je njezina energija. Vrlo jednostavna inačica Geigerova brojača je "dozimetar" kojem nisu potrebni elektronički uređaji Geigerova brojača. On je veličine i oblika obične olovke te ga koriste zaposlenici koji rade pokraj radioaktivnih izvora. Dozimetar služi za grubo mjerenje radioaktivnog zračenja oko njih.

Izvor

  • De Bono, Edward, "Povijest izuma, od kotača do računala", Marjan tisak Split, 2005. 330.str., ISBN 953-214-305-X

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