Čokolada

Za ostala značenja, vidi Čokolada (razvrstavanje).

Čokolada je prehrambeni proizvod koji se dobija od kakaove mase i šečera, često uz dodatak kakaova maslaca, vanilina, kondenziranog ili osušenog mlijeka, lješnjaka, badema, ekstrakta kave, sušenog voća i sl.

S obzirom da kakaovac uspijeva u Americi, u Evropu je čokolada stigla tek nakon Kolumbovih putovanja.

Uz nju su vezane mnoge urbane legende, od kojih je najpopularnija ona da može poslužiti kao afrodizijak.

Povijest čokolade

Pretpostavlja se da su Olmeci još prije 2600 godina kuhali čokoladnu smjesu. Visokorazvijena civilizacija Maja imala je i boga (Ek Chuah) zaduženog za čokoladu, a zrna kakaovca bila su prihvaćena kao sredstvo plaćanja. Sa svojih putovanja po Južnoj Americi Kristofor Kolumbo je donio na španjolski dvor i sjeme kakaovca, ali nije pobudilo nikakvo zanimanje. Tek će španjolski konkvistador Hernán Cortés kada krene u osvajanje Južne Amerike i uništavanje tamošnjih civilizacija probati Xocolatl, toplu kakaovu tekućinu koju mu je ponudio astečki vladar Montezuma u golemim zlatnim peharima.

Asteci su čokoladni napitak pili zagrijan i bez trunke slatkoće, ali su dodavali začine poput vanilije i čilija, a tek će Europljani od čokolade napraviti slatkiš. Španjolski redovnici su prvi u Europi pripravljali čokoladu, još uvijek tekuću, počeli su dodavati šećer i cimet, ali tajnu nisu mogli dugo skrivati.

Čokolada kakvu poznajemo danas je novijeg nadnevka i to zahvaljujući Nizozemcu Conradu J. van Houtenu, koji je 1828. g. patentirao hidrauličnu prešu koja je mrvila zrna kakaovca iz kojeg je nastao kakao prah. Englezi (Joseph Fry) su 1847. g. otkrili kako taj prah miješati sa šećerom i rastopljenim kakao maslacem te je takva nova čokolada postala ubrzo omiljena i bila je to prva čokolada za jelo. Švicarac Daniel Peter je eksperimentirao s mlijekom kao sastojkom u čokoladi i uspio je proizvesti prvu mliječnu čokoladu 1875. g.

Dalje su Švicarci usavršavali proizvodnju čokolade i 1879. g. Rudolf Lindt (Lindt je danas jedna od najpoznatijih tvornica čokolade) je napravio čokoladu koja se topila u ustima (poznata i po nazivu "chocolat fondant").

Najvažniji sastojci u 100 g čokolade

Čokolada osim toga sadrži:

  • Triptofan, esencijalnu aminokiselinu koja sudjeluje u proizvodnji neuroprijenosnika serotonina, a lagano topljenje čokolade na jeziku potiče lučenje endorfina (prirodnih hormona sreće), koje tijelo prirodno proizvodi i za vrijeme vođenja ljubavi.
  • Anandamid, prirodni opijat, ali u malim količinama
  • Feniletilamin, tvar koja se nalazi u mozgu, posebno kod zaljubljenih osoba, a pretvara se u dopamin u centrima za zadovoljstvo, dijelu mozga gdje se inače doživljava i orgazam.
  • Visoke količine antioksidansa, koje pridonose smanjenju rizika od narazličitijih bolesti pa i raka. Tako flavonoidi koji se nalaze u svim biljnim proizvodima, daju tpak okus i onemogućavaju oksidaciju masnih tvari u krvotoku i arterosklerozu (začepljenje arterija).

Vrste čokolade

Bijela čokolada u 100 g sadrži:

  • kakao maslac 28 g
  • mlijeko u prahu 26 g
  • šećer 46 g

Mliječna čokolada u 100 g sadrži:

  • kakao 12 g
  • mlijeko u prahu 22 g
  • šećer 48 g
  • kakao maslac 18 g

Gorka čokolada u 100 g sadrži:

  • kakao 48 g
  • kakao maslac 4 g
  • šećer 48 g

Potrošnja čokolade po državama

Potrošnja čokolade po glavi i po kilogramu za 2003. godinu

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