Эффект основателя

Иллюстрация эффекта: слева — исходная популяция, справа — три возможные дочерние колонии, имеющие немногих основателей

Эффект основателя — явление снижения и смещения генетического разнообразия при заселении малым количеством представителей рассматриваемого вида новой географической территории. Термин ввёл Э. Майр; является вариантом генетического дрейфа. При таком заселении малое количество исходных особей, имеющих частоты аллелей генов (или других генетических маркеров), случайно отклоняющиеся от характерных для вида в среднем, дают начало новым популяциям. В образовавшихся популяциях частоты рассматриваемых аллелей будут так же смещены, как и в исходной группе особей.

Эффект основателя имеет большое значение для филогенетики популяций — изучения степени родства между популяциями и путей расселения видов. В частности, при расселении Drosophila melanogaster (вида, имеющего афротропическое происхождение) в Евразию, произошла потеря многих вариантов хромосомных инверсий, микросателлитных и изоферментных маркеров.

Эффект основателя имеет значение также для оценки путей расселения древних людей, а также степени родства между современными популяциями или народами.

См. также

Литература

  1. Кайданов Л. З. Генетика популяций. Москва. Изд-во Высшая школа 1996. 320 с.
  2. Schlötterer C., Neumeier H., Sousa C., Nolte V. Highly structured Asian Drosophila melanogaster populations: a new tool for hitchhiking mapping? // Genetics. 2006. V. 172. № 1. P. 287—292.
  3. David J.R., Capy P. Genetic variation of Drosophila melanogaster natural populations // Trends in Genetics. 1988. V. 4. No. 4. P. 106—111.

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