Ваал (река)

Ваал
нидерл. Waal
Ваал в Неймегене
Ваал в Неймегене
Характеристика
Длина 84 км
Водоток
Исток Рейн
 • Координаты 51°52′20″ с. ш. 6°02′20″ в. д.HGЯO
Устье Бовен-Мерведе
 • Координаты 51°49′16″ с. ш. 5°00′15″ в. д.HGЯO
Расположение
Водная система Бовен-Мерведе → Ньиве-Мерведе → Холландс-Дип → Харингвлит → Атлантический океан

Страна
Регион Гелдерланд
Ваал (река) (Гелдерланд)
Голубая точка
Синяя точка — устье
Голубая точка — исток, Синяя точка — устье
Логотип Викисклада Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Ваа́л[1] (нидерл. Waal, Вал[2]) — водоток в Нидерландах, один из основных рукавов Рейна в его дельте[3].

История

Название Ваал, во времена Римской империи звучавшее как Vacalis, Vahalis, Valis или позже Vahal, имеет германские корни и происходит от многочисленных меандров реки (старогерманский: wôh = изогнутый). Предполагают, что река Ваалкилл (один из притоков Гудзона) в период голландской колонизации получила название от Ваала (Waalkil — «Ваал ручей»).

В Средние века Ваал продолжался и после слияния с Маасом. Части дельты, известные сегодня как Бовен-Мерведе, Бенеден-Мерведе и верхняя честь реки Норд также назывались Ваалом.

В настоящее время река уже не имеет тех изгибов из-за многочисленных проектов по улучшению реки с точки зрения судоходства, предпринятых в XVII, XIX и XX веках. Некоторые из участков старицы всё ещё видны и соединяются с основным руслом в период высокой воды.

Качество воды

Качество воды в Ваале невысокое из-за сброса в него канализационных стоков во Франции, Германии и Бельгии. Ряд патогенов был найден в водах реки из-за подобных сбросов.[4]

Примечания

  1. Ваа́л // Словарь географических названий зарубежных стран / отв. ред. А. М. Комков. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М. : Недра, 1986. — С. 66.
  2. Инструкция по передаче на картах географических названий Нидерландов / Ред. С. А. Тюрин. — М. : РИО ВТС, 1956. — 19 с.
  3. Ваал, река // Большая советская энциклопедия : в 66 т. (65 т. и 1 доп.) / гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1926—1947.
  4. Lodder, W J; de Roda Husman, A M. Presence of Noroviruses and Other Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Surface Waters in The Netherlands (англ.) // Applied and Environmental Microbiology : journal. — American Society for Microbiology, 2005. — March (vol. 71, no. 3). — P. 1453—1461. — ISSN 0099-2240. — doi:10.1128/AEM.71.3.1453-1461.2005. — PMID 15746348. Архивировано 27 сентября 2011 года.

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