Фикиртепе (культура)

Культура Фикиртепе
неолит
Локализация Турция
Датировка 6 тыс. до н. э.
Тип хозяйства мотыжное земледелие, скотоводство, охота
Преемственность
мурейбетская культура → культура Винча

Культура Фикиртепе — название археологической культуры эпохи неолита (по одному из районов Стамбула)[1]. По-видимому, к той же культуре относились такие известные памятники, как Джан-Хасан, Ылыпынар и Бейджесултан, а в результате миграции на запад через Босфорский пролив её отдалённым потомком стала культура Винча[2][3].

Термин «культура Фикиртепе» возник исключительно в турецкой археологической литературе. В западной и советской традиции до начала XXI века памятники данной культуры рассматривались в более широком контексте раннего керамического неолита. С XXI века термин входит в обиход англоязычной[4] и франкоязычной[5] археологической литературы.

Находки, связанные с данной культурой, были сделаны случайно в 1907 году в ходе сооружения железной дороги «Стамбул — Багдад».[6] В стамбульских районах Фикиртепе и Пендик-Кайнарча были обнаружены останки жилищ данной культуры. После провозглашения Турецкой республики в этих местах неоднократно проводились раскопки.

Как показали материалы раскопок, культура возникла в эпоху неолита около 5900-5400 гг. до н. э. Скорее всего, является потомком мурейбетско-амукской культуры докерамического неолита B. Территория культуры была достаточно широка, простираясь от Фракии до Эскишехира и Коньи, о чём можно судить по находкам идентичной керамики. Предполагается, что эпицентр культуры находился в Центральной Анатолии[6].

Дома культуры Фикиртепе — как круглые, так и прямоугольные. Каркас составляли деревянные шесты, основу дома составляли сухие ветки или тростник, а пол покрывался глиной[6].

Среди находок — режущие, колющие орудия, скребки, зернотёрки, молоты, ступы. Орудия из костей диких животных (в частности, из оленьего рога) указывают на то, что наряду с земледелием была широко распространена охота. Обнаружены статуэтки Богини-матери.

См. также

Примечания

  1. ↑ Göncüoğlu, Süleyman Faruk. (2010) İstanbul’un İlkleri Enleri. Ötüken, İstanbul. ISBN 978-975-437-753-8 S. 26, 27, 28
  2. ↑ CULTURE DE VINCA. Дата обращения: 6 июня 2012. Архивировано 14 марта 2012 года.
  3. ↑ DEBUT DU NEOLITHIQUE. Дата обращения: 6 июня 2012. Архивировано 16 марта 2012 года.
  4. ↑ Sagona, Antonio and Paul Zimansky (2009). Ancient Turkey. Routledge: London & New York. ISBN 978-0-415-48123-6
  5. ↑ Cauwe, Nicolas, Pavel Dolukhanov, Janusz Kozlowski, Paul-Louis Van Berg (2007). Le Néolithique en Europe. Armand Colin: Paris. ISBN 978-2-2002-6620-2, pp. 74-79
  6. ↑ 1 2 3 «Fikirtepe Kültürü». Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi III: sf. 315, 316, 317. (1993). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları. 29 Haziran 2010 tarihinde erişilmiştir.

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