Абессив

Абесси́в, также лиши́тельный паде́ж, изъя́тельный паде́ж, карити́в — падеж, указывающий на лишение, отсутствие чего-либо, на нахождение вне чего-либо. Абессив входит в падежные системы многих финно-угорских, тюркских, некоторых африканских и кавказских языков.

В финском языке[1]

В финском языке абессив образуется с помощью стандартного окончания -tta/-ttä (выбор в зависимости от ряда гласных основы по законам сингармонизма). Показатель абессива может присоединяться как к основам имён существительных:

  • On vaikeaa elää talotta «Трудно жить без дома» (от talo 'дом');
  • Hän suuttui syyttä «Он рассердился без причины» (от syy 'причина');
  • Voitte pysäköidä maksutta «Вы можете припарковаться бесплатно» (от maksu 'плата'),

так и к основам, например, так наз. «третьего инфинитива» (фин. MA-infinitiivi):

  • Se oli ainoa paikka, jossa hän voi tehdä juustokokeiluja hajun häiritsemättä naapureita «Это было единственное место, где он мог поэкспериментировать с сыром не доставляя беспокойства соседям» (от häiritä 'беспокоить');
  • Hänen uudet teoksensa voidaan jättää julkaisematta «Его новые работы могут остаться ненапечатанными» (от julkaista 'печатать, публиковать');
  • Voin jo kävellä tuntematta kipua «Я уже могу ходить не чувствуя боли».

Лексикализованные формы абессива являются источником наречий, дискурсивных маркеров и служебных частей речи: auttamatta 'непоправимо, безнадёжно', epäilemättä 'вне всякого сомнения', huolimatta 'несмотря на', kieltämättä 'бесспорно', lakkaamatta 'беспрерывно', lukuun ottamatta 'за исключением, не считая', riippumatta 'вне зависимости', viipymättä 'немедленно', vääjäämättä 'неизбежно'.

В вепсском языке

В вепсском языке абессив обозначает отсутствие чего-либо или кого-либо или нахождение вне чего-то или кого-то (лapsed g’eiba mamata «дети остались без матери»)[~ 1][2].

Примечания

Комментарии

  1. ↑ Пример даны для шимозерских говоров

Источники

  1. ↑ Iso suomen kielioppi verkossa, 2008. § 1262. Rahatta, vaivatta, ajattelematta Архивная копия от 1 декабря 2020 на Wayback Machine (фин.)
  2. ↑ Зайцева М. И. Грамматика вепсского языка. — Л.: Наука, 1981. — С. 185.

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