Limba protoindo-europeană

Limba protoindo-europeană
Data aparițieimileniul 4 î.e.n.[1]  Modificați la Wikidata
Sistem de scriere  Modificați la Wikidata
Clasificare
Statut oficial și codificare
Puteți vizita Wikipedia în limba proto-indo-europeană.
Această pagină poate conține caractere Unicode
Modifică date / text Consultați documentația formatului
Expansiunea indo-europenilor din nordul Caucazului

Limba protoindo-europeană (PIE) este strămoșul ipotetic al tuturor limbilor indo-europene, din care fac parte majoritatea limbilor europene (inclusiv româna).

Populațiile indo-europene ocupau inițial, în urmă cu șase milenii, regiunea Caucazului și a Mării Negre. O parte a acestor populații s-a îndreptat spre India (din această ramură fac parte populațiile ce vorbesc limbile indice și iranice), în timp ce alta s-a întins asupra teritoriului european.

Specialiștii au constatat ca limbile în discuție prezintă o serie de concordanțe între formele unor cuvinte având același sens. Pornind de la aceste concordanțe, în secolul trecut s-a creat o metodă, cunoscută sub numele de metoda istorico-comparativă, cu ajutorul căreia a fost stabilită înrudirea dintre limbile germanice, slave, latină și greacă. Se presupune că a existat o epocă, numită indo-europeană comună, când numărul acestor concordanțe era foarte mare. Ulterior, datorită extinderii teritoriale, s-a produs o diversificare a limbilor indo-europene. Cel mai vechi text dintr-o astfel de limbă este unul în hitită din circa 1700 î. Hr. (textul lui Anitta).

Cum PIE nu a fost atestată direct, toate sunetele și cuvintele au fost reconstruite folosind metoda comparativă. Convenția standard este de a marca formele neatestate ale cuvintelor cu un asterisc. *wódr̥ = apă, *ḱwō = câine, *tréyes = trei, etc. Multe din cuvintele limbilor indo-europene moderne sunt derivate din aceste protocuvinte prin evoluții fonetice, precum legea lui Grimm.

Conform studiului „Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis”[2], limba protoindo-europeană ar fi apărut în urmă cu circa 6500 – 5500 ani în stepa Ponto-Caspică.

Vocabular

Note

  1. ^ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language[*][[The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (1799 paperback edition)|​]], p. 296  Verificați valoarea |titlelink= (ajutor)
  2. ^ en Indo-European languages emerged roughly 6,500 years ago on Russian steppes, new research suggests

Legături externe

Read other articles:

Victor-François de Broglie

Victor-François, Adipati kedua Broglie Victor François de Broglie, Adipati kedua Broglie (19 Oktober 1718 – 30 Maret 1804) merupakan seorang aristokrat, prajurit, dan marsekal berkebangsaan Prancis. Ia bekerja dengan ayahandanya, François-Marie, di Parma dan Guastalla, dan pada tahun 1734 memperoleh gelar kolonel.[1] Lihat pula Prancis dalam pertempuran tujuh tahun Prancis dalam perang revolusi Amerika Catatan ^  Satu atau lebih kalimat sebelum ini menyerta...

 

Bombardier Challenger 850

Bombardier Challenger 850 adalah sebuah pesawat bisnis terbesar super-mid size yang ditawarkan oleh Bombardier Aerospace. Pesawat bisnis ini didasarkan pada Bombardier CRJ200LR 50-kursi. Bombardier Challenger 850 adalah versi diperbarui saat ini. Challenger 850 berasal dari pesawat Bombardier CRJ200. Pesawat ini mampu menampung 15-19 penumpang. Challenger 850 jet memiliki jarak antar benua dan kecepatan tinggi Mach 0,80. Referensi lbsPesawat Bombardier AerospaceDaftar pesawat Bombardier Aero...

 

Sumner G. Whittier

American politician Sumner Whittier5th Administrator of Veterans AffairsIn officeDecember 18, 1957 – January 20, 1961PresidentDwight EisenhowerPreceded byHarvey HigleySucceeded byJohn Gleason58th Lieutenant Governor of MassachusettsIn officeJanuary 8, 1953 – January 3, 1957GovernorChristian HerterPreceded byJeff SullivanSucceeded byRobert MurphyMember of the Massachusetts Senatefrom the 4th Middlesex districtIn officeJanuary 1943 – January 1953Preceded byAngie...

العلاقات الإستونية الكمبودية

العلاقات الإستونية الكمبودية إستونيا كمبوديا   إستونيا   كمبوديا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الإستونية الكمبودية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إستونيا وكمبوديا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...

 

Moià

Municipality in Catalonia, SpainMoiàMunicipality Coat of armsMoiàLocation in CataloniaShow map of Province of BarcelonaMoiàMoià (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 41°48′47″N 2°5′50″E / 41.81306°N 2.09722°E / 41.81306; 2.09722Country SpainCommunity CataloniaProvince BarcelonaComarcaMoianèsGovernment • MayorDionís Guiteras Rubio (2015)[1]Area[2] • Total75.3 km2 (29.1 sq mi)Populatio...

 

Niniwe

Rekonstruksi gerbang Mashki. Niniwe (Akkadia: Ninua; Aramaik: ܢܸܢܘܵܐ; Ibrani: נינוה, Nīnewē; Yunani: Νινευη; bahasa Latin: Nineve; Arab: نينوى, Naīnuwa), adalah kota kuno yang disebut kota yang luar biasa agung dalam Kitab Yunus. Kota ini terletak di tepian tenggara sungai Tigris dan merupakan ibu kota kerajaan Asiria purba.[1] Situs kota purbakala ini terletak tepat di seberang kota Mosul, di Provinsi Ninawa, Irak. Koordinat: 36°21′34″N 43°0...

Johannes Mayer

For those of a similar name, see Johannes Meyer (disambiguation). Dr. rer. pol. Dr.-Ing. Johannes MayerBorn(1893-09-06)6 September 1893Died7 August 1963(1963-08-07) (aged 69)Allegiance German Empire  Weimar Republic  Nazi GermanyService/branchArmyRankGeneral of the InfantryBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and SwordsRelationsGustav Schmidt (brother in law)Other workEngineer Johannes Mayer (6 September 1893 – 7 ...

 

Photomorphogenesis

In developmental biology, photomorphogenesis is light-mediated development, where plant growth patterns respond to the light spectrum. This is a completely separate process from photosynthesis where light is used as a source of energy. Phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins are photochromic sensory receptors that restrict the photomorphogenic effect of light to the UV-A, UV-B, blue, and red portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.[1] The photomorphogenesis of plants is often s...

 

Nolan Richardson

Nolan Richardson Nolan Richardson nel 2009 Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Pallacanestro Ruolo AlaAllenatore Termine carriera 1964 - giocatore2011 - allenatore Hall of fame Naismith Hall of Fame (2014) Carriera Giovanili 1957-1961Bowie High School1960-1964 UTEP Miners Carriera da allenatore 1968-1978Bowie High School190-801978-1980Western Texas J.C.101-141980-1985 Tulsa G. Hurricane119-371985-2002 Ark. Razorbacks390-1702005-2007 Panama2007 Messico2009-2011 Tulsa Shock...

Pilibail Yamunakka

2016 Indian filmPilibalYamunakkaDirected byK Sooraj ShettyProduced byRohan ShettyStarringPruthvi Ambaar Sonal Monteiro Naveen D Padil ChandrakalaCinematographyKeertan PoojaryMusic byKishore Kumar ShettyProductioncompanyLakumi Cine CreationsRelease date 9 December 2016 (2016-12-09) CountryIndiaLanguageTuluBox officeest. ₹2.35 crore (US$290,000)[1] Pilibail Yamunakka[2][3] is a Tulu language film directed by K Sooraj Shetty, starring Pruthvi ambaar, Son...

 

Piala FA 1982–1983

Piala FA 1982–1983Negara Inggris WalesJuara bertahanTottenham HotspurJuaraManchester United(gelar ke-5)Tempat keduaBrighton & Hove Albion← 1981–1982 1983–1984 → Piala FA 1982–1983 adalah edisi ke-102 dari penyelenggaraan Piala FA, turnamen tertua dalam sepak bola di Inggris. Edisi ini dimenangkan oleh Manchester United setelah mengalahkan Brighton & Hove Albion pada pertandingan final ulangan dengan skor 4–0. Final Artikel utama: Final Piala FA 1983 Manchester ...

 

Messe de Nostre Dame

Mass setting by Guillaume de Machaut The Kyrie from Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame Messe de Nostre Dame (Mass of Our Lady) is a polyphonic mass composed before 1365 by French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377). Widely regarded as one of the masterpieces of medieval music and of all religious music, it is historically notable as the earliest complete setting of the Ordinary of the Mass attributable to a single composer (in contrast to earlier compilations such as the Tourn...

وهران

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع وهران (توضيح). وهران وَهْرَنْ(بالأمازيغية: ⵡⴰⵀⵔⴰⵏ)(بالفرنسية: Oran)‏ صور من مدينة وهران وهرانشعار وهران: شعبي لا يقهر وضيفي لا يحقر خريطة تظهر فيها تقسيمات أحياء وهران وشوارعها الأساسية اللقب الباهية تاريخ التأسيس 903 م تقسيم إداري البلد  الجزائر&...

 

الإسلام في إيران

جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالإسلام حسب البلد الإسلام في إفريقيا أنغولا بنين بوتسوانا بوركينا فاسو بوروندي الكاميرون الرأس الأخضر أفريقيا الوسطى نشاد الجزائر جزر القمر الكونغو الديمقراطية الكونغو ساحل العاج جيبوتي مصر غينيا الاستوائية إريتريا إثيوبيا الغابون غامبيا غانا غي...

 

Santa Rosa, Laguna

Component city in Laguna, Philippines Not to be confused with Laguna de Santa Rosa. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Santa Rosa, Laguna – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Component city in Calabarzon, PhilippinesSanta RosaC...

Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison

British politician (1869–1951) The Right HonourableThe Viscount AddisonKG PC FRCSLeader of the House of LordsIn office3 August 1945 – 26 October 1951MonarchGeorge VIPrime MinisterClement AttleePreceded byViscount CranborneSucceeded byThe Marquess of SalisburyLord President of the CouncilIn office9 March 1951 – 26 October 1951MonarchGeorge VIPrime MinisterClement AttleePreceded byHerbert MorrisonSucceeded byThe Lord WooltonLord Keeper of the Privy SealIn office7...

 

Dialect discrimination

Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism Aporophobia Audis...

 

Mykhailo Verbytsky

Mykhailo Verbytsky Mykhailo Mykhailovych Verbytsky (Ukraina: Михайло Михайлович Вербицький) (4 Maret 1815 – 7 Desember 1870) adalah seorang pastor Katolik Yunani dan komponis Ukraina. Ia dianggap sebagai salah satu komponis profesional Ukraina pertama yang berasal dari Halychyna. Verbytsky dikenal karena telah menggubah melodi alternatif untuk lagu Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy (Kejayaan Ukraina belum sirna), yang kemudian menjadi lagu kebangsaan Ukrai...

Just Hold On

Just Hold OnSingel oleh Steve Aoki dan Louis Tomlinsondari album Neon Future III dan WallsDirilis10 Desember 2016 (2016-12-10)[1]FormatUnduhan digitalDirekam2016Genre EDM dance-pop[2] house[3] Durasi3:18LabelUltraPencipta Louis Tomlinson Steve Aoki Eric Rosse Sasha Sloan Nolan Lambroza Produser Aoki Sir Nolan Jay Pryor Kronologi singel Steve Aoki Supernova (Interstellar) (2016) Just Hold On (2016) Alive (2017) Kronologi singel Louis Tomlinson Just Hold O...

 

Giovanni Russo Spena

Giovanni Russo SpenaGiovanni Russo Spena a una manifestazione Segretario di Democrazia ProletariaDurata mandato1987 –1991 PredecessoreMario Capanna Successoredissoluzione partito Senatore della Repubblica ItalianaDurata mandato9 maggio 1996 –29 maggio 2001 Durata mandato28 aprile 2006 –28 aprile 2008 LegislaturaXIII, XV GruppoparlamentareXIII: Rifondazione Comunista-ProgressistiXV: Rifondazione Comunista-Sinistra Europea CoalizioneXIII: Prog...