Usina Nuclear de Obninsk

Usina Nuclear de Obninsk

Edifício da usina (frente)
Localização
Localização Obninsk, Oblast de Kaluga e Obninsk, Rússia Editar isso no Wikidata
País Rússia
Coordenadas 55°5'2"N, 36°34'17"E
Mapa
Dados gerais
Estado Decomissionada
Proprietário Rosatom
Empresa operadora Energoatom
Operador Rosenergoatom
Obras 1 de janeiro de 1951-26 de junho de 1954
Data de inauguração 1954
Atividade 1954-2002
Características
Tipo Usina Nuclear
Capacidade de geração 5 MW
Website
aes1.ru

A Usina Nuclear de Obninsk (em russo: Обнинская АЭС, transl. Obninskaia AES) foi a primeira usina nuclear do mundo,[1] ou seja, o primeiro reator nuclear que produziu eletricidade industrialmente,[2] embora em pequena escala.[3]

Construída na "Cidade das Ciências" de Obninsk,[4] Oblast de Kaluga, a cerca de 110 km a sudoeste de Moscou, na União Soviética, ela foi conectada à rede elétrica em junho de 1954. A usina permaneceu em operação até 2002, embora sua produção de eletricidade para a rede tenha cessado em 1959; depois disso, funcionou apenas como uma central de pesquisa e produção de isótopos.[5]

Segundo Lev Kotchetkov, "embora a utilização do calor gerado continuasse e a produção de isótopos fosse aprimorada, a tarefa principal era realizar estudos experimentais".[4] A tecnologia aperfeiçoada na planta piloto[6] de Obninsk foi posteriormente empregada em uma escala muito maior nos reatores RBMK.[2]

Projeto

A unidade de reator na usina, AM-1 ("Атом Мирный", russo para "átomo pacífico"), tinha uma capacidade elétrica total de 6 MW e uma capacidade líquida de cerca de 5 MWe. A produção térmica foi de 30 MW. Foi um projeto de protótipo, usando um moderador de grafite e refrigeração à água. Este reator foi o precursor dos reatores RBMK.

Seu reator utilizava urânio enriquecido a 5%; essa porcentagem seria reduzida em reatores subsequentes.[7]

História

A construção começou em 1 de janeiro de 1951. A primeira reação crítica foi alcançada em 6 de maio de 1954 e a primeira conexão à rede foi realizada em 27 de junho de 1954.[8][9] Por cerca de quatro anos, até a abertura da Usina Nuclear da Sibéria, Obninsk permaneceu o único reator de energia nuclear da União Soviética; a usina permaneceu ativa até 29 de abril de 2002, quando foi finalmente encerrada. Segundo Kotchetkov, em seus 48 anos de operação não houve incidentes significativos que resultassem em overdose ou mortalidade de pessoas, ou em liberação radioativa no ambiente que excedesse os limites permitidos.[4]

A seguinte usina nuclear soviética a ser conectada à sua rede elétrica foi a Unidade 1 de Beloiarsk, em 1964, com uma capacidade de 100 MWe.[10]

Referências

  1. Paul R. Josephson (2005). Red Atom: Russia's Nuclear Power Program from Stalin to Today. University of Pittsburgh Pre. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-8229-7847-3 
  2. a b Ronald Allen Knief (1992). Nuclear engineering: theory and technology of commercial nuclear power. Hemisphere Pub. Corp. 2nd ed. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-56032-088-3 
  3. Steven B Krivit; Jay H Lehr; Thomas B Kingery, eds. (2011). Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology, and Applications. Wiley. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 26 and 138. ISBN 978-1-118-04347-9 
  4. a b c Nuclear Engineering International: Obninsk - number one. Lev Kotchetkov,
  5. Committee on End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States. Board on Radioactive Waste Management, Division on Earth and Life Studies and Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development, Security, and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs (2003). End Points for Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste in Russia and the United States. National Academies Press. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-309-08724-7 
  6. International Atomic Energy Agency (1968). Nuclear Power Economics Vol II. International Atomic Energy Agency. Col: Bibliographical Series no. 30. [S.l.: s.n.] OCLC 24577447 
  7. S. E. Hunt (1980). Fission, Fusion and The Energy Crisis. Pergamon Press 2nd ed. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-4831-4861-8 
  8. «APS-1 OBNINSK (Atomic Power Station 1 Obninsk)». Power Reactor Information System. IAEA 
  9. «Nuclear Power Plants in Russia». Gallery. Power Plants Around The World 
  10. Steven B Krivit; Jay H Lehr; Thomas B Kingery, eds. (2011). Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology, and Applications. Wiley. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-1-118-04347-9 

Leitura adicional

Read other articles:

دوري الدرجة الأولى الليتواني 2015 تفاصيل الموسم دوري الدرجة الأولى الليتواني  النسخة 26  البلد ليتوانيا  التاريخ بداية:28 فبراير 2015  نهاية:28 نوفمبر 2015  المنظم اتحاد ليتوانيا لكرة القدم  البطل نادي جالغيريس  مباريات ملعوبة 180   عدد المشاركين 10   دوري الدرج...

 

الجبهة الإسلامية للمقاومة العراقية (جامع) التأسيس تاريخ التأسيس 2004 المؤسسون جماعة الإخوان المسلمين في العراق الشخصيات الأمير غير معلن القادة غير معلن المقرات المقر الرئيسي بغداد،  العراق الأفكار الأيديولوجيا سني،إسلام،إخوان مسلمون معلومات أخرى الصحيفة الرسمية مجلة ...

 

French-born prelate The Most ReverendHenry Damian JunckerBishop of AltonSeeDiocese of AltonInstalledApril 26, 1857Term endedOctober 2, 1868PredecessornoneSuccessorPeter Joseph BaltesOrdersOrdinationMarch 16, 1834by John Baptist PurcellConsecrationApril 26, 1857by John Baptist PurcellPersonal detailsBorn(1809-08-22)August 22, 1809Fénétrange, Moselle, FranceDiedOctober 2, 1868(1868-10-02) (aged 59)Alton, Illinois, USA Henry Damian Juncker (August 22, 1809 – October 2, 1868) w...

Ramdhari Singh DinkarLahirRamdhari Singh Dinkar(1908-09-23)23 September 1908Simaria, distrik Munger (sekarang Begusarai), India Britania (sekarang Bihar, India)Meninggal24 April 1974(1974-04-24) (umur 65)PekerjaanPenyair, Pejuang Kemerdekaan, Anggota Parlemen, Esayis, Kritikus sastra, Jurnalis, SatirisPenghargaan1959:Penghargaan Sahitya Akademi 1959: Padma Bhushan 1972: Bharatiya JnanpithAnakKedarnath Singh, Ramsevak SinghOrang tuaManroop Devi (Ibu), Ravi Singh (Ayah)Tanda tang...

 

追晉陸軍二級上將趙家驤將軍个人资料出生1910年 大清河南省衛輝府汲縣逝世1958年8月23日(1958歲—08—23)(47—48歲) † 中華民國福建省金門縣国籍 中華民國政党 中國國民黨获奖 青天白日勳章(追贈)军事背景效忠 中華民國服役 國民革命軍 中華民國陸軍服役时间1924年-1958年军衔 二級上將 (追晉)部队四十七師指挥東北剿匪總司令部參謀長陸軍�...

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Piémont. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Bollengo Le château de Bollengo Nom piémontais Bolengh Administration Pays Italie Région Piémont  Ville métropolitaine Turin  Code postal 10012 Code ISTAT 001027 Code cadastral A941 Préfixe tel. 0125 Démographie Population 2 088 hab. (31-12-2010[1]) Densité 1...

James L. Goodwin State ForestObservation deck on Pine Acres Lake, Goodwin State ForestLocation in ConnecticutShow map of ConnecticutJames L. Goodwin State Forest (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationWindham, Connecticut, United StatesCoordinates41°48′15″N 72°05′43″W / 41.80417°N 72.09528°W / 41.80417; -72.09528[1]Area2,003 acres (8.11 km2)[2]Elevation646 ft (197 m)[1]Established1964Governing bod...

 

8th-century Anglo-Saxon missionary and saint Boniface redirects here. For other uses, see Boniface (disambiguation). For other uses, see Saint Boniface (disambiguation). SaintBonifaceOSBSaint Boniface by Cornelis Bloemaert, c. 1630Bishop Martyr Apostle to the GermansBornc. 675[1]Crediton, DumnoniaDied5 June 754 (aged around 79)near Dokkum, FrisiaVenerated inEastern Orthodox ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchAnglican CommunionLutheranismMajor shrineFulda Cathedral St Boniface...

 

1994 film by Michael Haneke 71 Fragments of a Chronology of ChancePosterGerman71 Fragmente einer Chronologie des Zufalls Directed byMichael HanekeWritten byMichael HanekeProduced byVeit HeiduschkaStarringGabriel Cosmin UrdesLukas MikoOtto GrünmandlAnne BennentUdo SamelCinematographyChristian BergerEdited byMarie HomolkovaRelease date 1994 (1994) Running time96 minutesCountriesAustriaGermanyLanguagesGermanRomanian 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance (German: 71 Fragmente einer Chronol...

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Holliston High School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) Public school in Holliston, Massachusetts, United StatesHolliston High SchoolAddress370 Hollis StreetHolliston, MassachusettsUnited StatesInformationTypePublicOpen enr...

 

Struttura dello ione idrossido Il gruppo idrossile (gruppo idrossilico o idrossile secondo la nomenclatura IUPAC, o impropriamente ossidrile o ossidrilione) è un gruppo funzionale di formula -OH caratteristico di idrossidi, alcoli e fenoli, ma presente anche nel gruppo acido carbossilico (-COOH). L'anione ad esso corrispondente, chiamato ione idrossido o ione idrossile, ha formula chimica OH − {\displaystyle {\ce {OH-}}} ed è responsabile della basicità, sia secondo la definizione o...

 

International airport serving Gqeberha This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chief Dawid StuurmanInternational AirportHoofman Dawid Stuurman Internasi...

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: sections need to be reorganised and converted to prose. Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Planning Area and HDB Town in North Region, SingaporeYishunPlanning Area and HDB TownNorth sideOther transcription(s) • Chinese义顺 (Simplified)義順 (Traditional)Yìshùn (Pinyin)Gī-sūn (Hokkien POJ)Ngĭ-sŭng (Teoc...

 

French classical scholar (1742 – 1830) Johann Gottfried Schweighäuser Johann Schweighäuser (German: [ˈʃvaɪkˌhɔɪzɐ]; French: Jean Geoffroy Schweighaeuser; June 25, 1742 – January 19, 1830), was a French classical scholar. Biography He was born at Strasbourg, the son of a pastor of the church of Saint Thomas. From an early age his favourite subjects were philosophy (especially Scottish moral philosophy as represented by John Hutchinson and Adam Ferguson) and Oriental la...

 

Italian rugby union team Rugby teamBenetton RugbyFull nameBenetton RugbyUnionFederazione Italiana RugbyFounded1932; 92 years ago (1932)LocationTreviso, ItalyGround(s)Stadio Comunale di Monigo (Capacity: 5,000)PresidentAmerino ZattaCoach(es)Marco BortolamiCaptain(s)Eli Snyman Michele LamaroLeague(s)United Rugby Championship2022–239th (Scottish/Italian Shield: 2nd) 1st kit 2nd kit Official websitewww.benettonrugby.it Benetton Rugby, also known as Benetton Treviso (Italian pr...

American computer scientist, inventor and technology businessman (1940–2023) For the Northern Irish politician, see Edmond Warnock. John WarnockWarnock in 2008BornJohn Edward Warnock(1940-10-06)October 6, 1940Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.DiedAugust 19, 2023(2023-08-19) (aged 82)Los Altos, California, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Utah (BS, MS, PhD)Known for Adobe Systems PostScript Portable Document Format (PDF) Awards Software Systems Award (1989, Association for Computing Machin...

 

Greek Cypriot boy band For the rock band with John Payne initially called One, see GPS (band). This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: One band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) One(L–R: Philippos-Constantinos Philippou, Argyris Nastopoulos, Constantinos ...

 

Італійський фронт Першої світової війни Перша світова війна Італійський фронт Першої світової війниІталійський фронт Першої світової війни Дата: 23 травня 1915 — 4 листопада 1918 Місце: Північний схід Королівства Італія Результат: перемога Антанти, розпад Австро-Угорщин...

 凡例佐野 昌綱 佐野昌綱像(大庵寺蔵)時代 戦国時代 - 安土桃山時代生誕 享禄2年(1529年)死没 天正2年4月8日(1574年4月28日)別名 通称:小太郎戒名 天山道一居士氏族 佐野氏父母 父:佐野泰綱兄弟 豊綱、昌綱、房綱(天徳寺宝衍)[1]、祐願寺子 宗綱、桐生親綱、虎房丸(佐野清左衛門)テンプレートを表示 佐野 昌綱(さの まさつな)は、戦国時代から安�...

 

Эта статья — о компьютерной технологии. О серии телесериала см. Разоблачение (Остаться в живых). Эта статья или раздел нуждается в переработке.Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с правилами написания статей. (1 апреля 2022) Exposé — функция в macOS, позволяю�...