Terceira Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos

A Terceira Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos (em inglês: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution) impõe restrições ao aquartelamento de soldados em residências privadas sem o consentimento do proprietário, proibindo a prática em tempos de paz. A emenda é uma resposta aos "Quartering Acts" aprovados pelo parlamento britânico durante a preparação para a Guerra Revolucionária Americana, que permitiu ao Exército Britânico alojar soldados em residências privadas.

Visão geral

A "Terceira Emenda" foi introduzida no Congresso em 1789 por James Madison como parte da Declaração de Direitos dos Estados Unidos, em resposta às objeções antifederalistas à nova Constituição. O Congresso propôs a emenda aos estados em 28 de setembro de 1789 e, em 15 de dezembro de 1791, os três quartos necessários dos estados a haviam ratificado. O Secretário de Estado Thomas Jefferson anunciou a adoção da emenda em 1º de março de 1792.[1]

A "Terceira Emenda" é uma das menos controversas da Constituição e raramente é litigada, com o escritor de justiça criminal Radley Balko chamando-a de "leitãozinho" da Constituição dos EUA.[2] Até o momento, nunca foi a base primária de uma decisão da Suprema Corte,[3][4][5] embora tenha sido a base do Tribunal de Apelações para o caso do Segundo Circuito Engblom v. Carey em 1982.

Antecedentes

Em 1765, o parlamento britânico promulgou o primeiro dos "Quartering Acts",[6] exigindo que as colônias americanas pagassem os custos dos soldados britânicos servindo nas colônias e exigindo que, se o quartel local não fornecer espaço insuficiente, os colonos alojassem as tropas em cervejarias, estalagens e estábulos. Após o "Boston Tea Party", o Quartering Act de 1774 foi promulgado. Como um dos "Atos Intoleráveis" que empurrou as colônias para a revolução, autorizou as tropas britânicas a serem alojadas sempre que necessário, inclusive em casas particulares.[7] O aquartelamento das tropas foi citado como uma das queixas dos colonos na Declaração da Independência dos Estados Unidos.[4]

Texto da Terceira Emenda

A Terceira Emenda estabelece textualmente:

O manuscrito da Declaração de Direitos proposta, 1789, recortado para mostrar o texto que mais tarde seria ratificado como a "Terceira Emenda".

Ver também

Referências

  1. «An Overview of the 3rd Amendment». constitution.laws.com. 19 de outubro de 2020. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 
  2. Radley Balko (1 de julho de 2013). «How did America's police become a military force on the streets?». abajournal.com. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 
  3. «The Third Amendment». Revolutionary War and Beyond. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 
  4. a b «Third Amendment». Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. 1 de janeiro de 2000. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 
  5. «Third Amendment». U*X*L Encyclopedia of U.S. History. 1 de janeiro de 2009. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 
  6. «THIS DAY IN HISTORY - 1765 March 24 - Parliament passes the Quartering Act». history.com. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 
  7. Alderman and Kennedy, pp. 107–108
  8. «Bill of Rights (1791)». thirteen.org. Dezembro de 2006. Consultado em 3 de junho de 2021 

Bibliografia

  • Alderman, Ellen and Caroline Kennedy (1991). In Our Defense. Avon.
  • Amar, Akhil Reed (1998). The Bill of Rights. Yale University Press.
  • Beeman, Richard (2009). Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution. Random House.
  • Bell, Tom W. (1993) "The Third Amendment: Forgotten but Not Gone". William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 2.1: pp. 117–150.
  • Labunski, Richard E. (2006). James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights. Oxford University Press.
  • Wood, Gordon S. (2009). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford University Press.

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