Sumu-Iamã

Sumu-Iamã
Rei de Mari
Reinado ca. 1798/93 - ca. 1 796/92 a.C.
Antecessor(a) Iadum-Lim
Sucessor(a) Iasma-Adade (assírio)
Nascimento século XIX a.C.
Morte ca. 1 796/92 a.C.
Descendência Hadni-Adu
Pai Iadum-Lim
Religião mitologia amorita
Antigo Império Assírio sob Sansiadade I

Sumu-Iamã (r. ca. 1798-1 796 a.C. - cronologia média)[a] foi o último rei de Mari da dinastia Lim antes da dominação pelo Antigo Império Assírio. Era possivelmente filho ou irmão mais novo de Iadum-Lim,[1] a quem assassinou em ca. 1 798 a.C. após uma derrota perante os exércitos assírios de Sansiadade I.[2][3] Seu reinado foi muito breve, pois em 1 796 a.C., com a guerra ainda em curso, também seria assassinado por seus servos enquanto Sansiadade marchava à Mari.[4] Sansiadade nomeou ao trono mariota seu filho Iasma-Adade, que casar-se-ia com a filha de Iadum-Lim.[5][6]

Pelo tempo em que reinou, o Terceiro Reino Mariota estava em conflito não somente com a Assíria ao sul, mas também com o Reino de Iamade, na Síria, então dominado pelo rei Sumuepu. Para os estudiosos Trevor Bryce e William J. Hamblin, é possível imaginar que Sumu-Iamã tivesse tentado reparar as relações com os iamaditas em vista da intensa pressão dos assírios, porém seu assassinato impediu-o de concluir seus planos.[7][8]

Apesar da brevidade de seu reinado e de ter sido assassinado, alguns de seus feitos foram registrados na documentação oriunda de Mari. Segundo os tabletes da cidade, em seu primeiro ano ele dirigiu-se à casa de seu pai e reconstruiu Halabe (atual Alepo), enquanto durante seus dois anos de governo ocupou-se com a construção das muralhas de Sagaratum.[9] Também preservou-se um contrato para a venda dum terreno no qual um juramento foi realizado em nome do deus Adu (Adade), de Itur-Mer e de Sumu-Iamã.[10]

Mari permaneceu sob julgo assírio por pouco tempo, pois em 1 776 a.C., Zinrilim, o herdeiro da casa real mariota, com apoio do rei iamadita Iarinlim I e dos Banu-Simaal (sua tribo), conseguiu derrotar Iasma-Adade e retomar o trono em Mari.[11][12] Zinrilim era filho de Hadeni-[Adu] e sua esposa Adu-Duri[13] e possivelmente era neto de Sumu-Iamã.[14] Num fragmento datável de algum momento antes do domínio de Mari por Sansiadade, as filhas de Hadeni-[Adu] são listadas antes das de Sumu-Iamã e o estudioso Wolfgang Heimpel sugere que Hadni-Adu era filho do último.[13]

Notas

[a] ^ Trevor Bryce propôs que seu reinado teria sido entre 1793-1 792 a.C.[15]

Referências

  1. Malāmāṭ 1998, p. 159.
  2. Launderville 2003, p. 271.
  3. Frayne 1990, p. 613.
  4. Bryce 2014, p. 20.
  5. Mieroop 2007, p. 109.
  6. Tetlow 2004, p. 125.
  7. Bryce 2009, p. 451.
  8. Hamblin 2006, p. 258.
  9. «Year Names of Sumu-yamam». 2016. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2016 
  10. Lambert 2016, p. 73.
  11. Liverani 2013, p. 357.
  12. Hamblin 2006, p. 254.
  13. a b Heimpel 2003, p. 42.
  14. Hamblin 2006, p. 259.
  15. Bryce 2009, p. 798.

Bibliografia

  • Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford: OUP Oxford 
  • Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. [S.l.]: Routledge. ISBN 1134159080 
  • Frayne, Douglas (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7 
  • Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC - Holy Warriors and the Dawn of History. Londres e Nova Iorque: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25589-9 
  • Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. [S.l.]: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1575060809 
  • Lambert, W. G. (2016). Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. [S.l.]: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3161536746 
  • Launderville, Dale (2003). Piety and Politics: The Dynamics of Royal Authority in Homeric Greece, Biblical Israel, and Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. [S.l.]: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0802839940 
  • Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Londres e Nova Iorque: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-75091-7 
  • Malāmāṭ, Avrāhām (1998). Mari and the Bible. Leida: BRILL. ISBN 9004108637 
  • Mieroop, Marc Van De (2007). A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC. [S.l.]: Wiley. ISBN 1405149116 
  • Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East. [S.l.]: A&C Black. ISBN 0826416284 

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