Sopwith Camel

Camel
Caça
Sopwith Camel
Um Sopwith Camel do Royal Flying Corps
Descrição
Tipo / Missão Caça
País de origem  Reino Unido
Fabricante Sopwith Aviation Company
Período de produção 1914
Quantidade produzida ~5490
Primeiro voo em 22 de dezembro de 1916 (108 anos)
Introduzido em junho de 1917
Aposentado em janeiro de 1920
Variantes
Tripulação 1
Especificações (Modelo: F.1 Camel)
Dimensões
Comprimento 5,71 m (18,7 ft)
Envergadura 8,53 m (28,0 ft)
Altura 2,59 m (8,50 ft)
Área das asas 21,46  (231 ft²)
Alongamento 3.4
Peso(s)
Peso vazio 420 kg (926 lb)
Peso carregado 660 kg (1 460 lb)
Propulsão
Motor(es) 1 x motor a pistão giratório radial Clerget 9B de nove cilindros
Potência (por motor) 130 hp (96,9 kW)
Performance
Velocidade máxima 185 km/h (99,9 kn)
Alcance (MTOW) 485 km (301 mi)
Teto máximo 6 700 m (22 000 ft)
Razão de subida 5,5 m/s
Armamentos
Metralhadoras / Canhões 2 × 7,7 mm (0,303 in) Vickers
Notas
Dados de: Quest for Performance[1] e Profile Publications[2]

O Sopwith Camel foi um avião britânico utilizado na Primeira Guerra, fabricado pela Sopwith Aviation Company. Era um avião biplano.

Projeto e desenvolvimento

Projetado para substituir o Sopwith Pup,[3] o protótipo do Camel voou pela primeira vez em 22 de dezembro de 1916, pilotado por Harry Hawker, Utilizava inicialmente um motor de 110 hp Clerget 9Z giratório. Era armado com duas Metralhadoras Vickers .303 pol (7,7 mm) montadas acima do painel de instrumentos e que atiravam em sincronia.

Uma cobertura de metal sobre as metralhadoras, destinada a protegê-las de congelamento em altitude, criou uma "corcova" que levou ao apelido "Camel" (camelo).[3] Aproximadamente, 5 490 Camels foram construídos e cerca de 5 500 foram destruídos..[4]

Histórico operacional

O avião entrou em serviço em junho de 1917, com o Esquadrão No 4 do Royal Naval Air Service. Não era um avião fácil de pilotar devido ao torque do motor giratório, mas esse mesmo torque resultava na habilidade de virar à direita na metade do tempo dos outros caças.[5] Ele era bem armado, com controles leves e sensíveis. Foi um dos mais famosos aviões da Primeira Guerra, rendendo muitas vitórias a muitos ases.[6][7]

Um importante papel desempenhado pelos Camel foi na defesa doméstica do território britânico, o que obrigou o retorno de alguns deles que atuavam na França a partir de julho de 1917.[8] Devido aos ataque noturnos dos Alemães, foi criada a versão de caça noturno, conhecida como "Sopwith Comic".[9][10][11] Em março de 1918 os esquadrões de defesa doméstica estavam equipados com Camels, chegando a sete esquadrões equipados com ele em agosto daquele ano.[12] As ações dos Camels na frente Oeste contabilizaram a derrubada de 26 aviões alemães em cinco meses de operação.[13]

Variantes

Sopwith Camel F.1

  • A principal versão em produção.
  • Armado com duas metralhadoras Vickers sincronizadas a hélice.

Sopwith Camel 2F.1

  • Caça embarcado.
  • Envergadura ligeiramente menor.
  • Uma das metralhadoras Vickers substituída por uma Lewis sobre a asa.
  • O motor padrão era um Bentley BR1.

Sopwith Camel "Comic" caça noturno

  • As duas metralhadoras Vickers foram substituídas por metralhadoras Lewis.
  • As metralhadoras ficavam sobre a asa superior em um Suporte Foster.
  • Essa nova disposição evitava que a visão do piloto fosse prejudicada com os disparos à noite.
  • Para permitir o recarregamento usando o "Suporte Foster" o assento do piloto foi movido 30 cm para trás.
  • Para compensar, o tanque de combustível foi movido para a frente.[14]

F.1/1

  • Versão com asas mais finas.

Caça-bombardeiro (Trench Fighter) T.F.1

  • Versão experimental apenas (Caça-bombardeiro).
  • Metralhadoras montadas em ângulo (apontando para baixo).
  • Blindado para proteção.

Motor

Os Sopwith Camel utilizaram algumas versões de motor giratório:

Operadores

Esses foram os países que operaram o Sopwith Camel:

Galeria

Especificação (F.1 Camel)

Sopwith F.1 Camel
  • Características gerais:
    • Tripulação: 1
    • Comprimento: 5,71 m
    • Envergadura: 8,53 m
    • Altura: 2,59 m
    • Área da asa: 21,46 m²
    • Peso vazio: 420 kg
    • Peso na decolagem: 660 kg
    • Motor: 1 x Clerget 9B de 9 cilindros giratório, 130 hp
    • Alongamento: 4,11
  • Performance:
    • Velocidade máxima: 185 km/h
    • Velocidade de estol: 77 km/h
    • Alcance: 485 km
    • Teto de Serviço: 6 400 m
    • Razão de subida: 5,5 m/s
    • Carga alar: 30,8 kg/m²
    • Peso/potência: 150 W/kg
    • Razão de planeio: 7,7

Sobreviventes

  • Hoje restam apenas sete unidades originais do Sopwith Camel.
  • Existem também algumas poucas réplicas.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Loftin, LK, Jr. "Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft. NASA SP-468". NASA.
  2. Bruce 1965, p. 12.
  3. a b Bruce Flight 22 April 1955, p. 527.
  4. Bruce Flight 29 April 1955, p. 563.
  5. Clark 1973, p. 134.
  6. Leinburger, Ralf (2008). Fighter: Technology, Facts, History. [S.l.]: Parragon Inc. p. 30. ISBN 9781405495752 
  7. Ralph 1999, p. 80.
  8. Davis 1999, p. 96.
  9. Davis 1999, p. 97.
  10. Bruce 1968, p. 151, 153.
  11. Williams and Gustin 2003, pp. 11, 14.
  12. Davis 1999, p. 98.
  13. Davis 1999, pp. 98–99.
  14. Mason 1992, p. 91.

Bibliografia

  • Bruce, J.M. "Aircraft Profile No. 31. The Sopwith Camel F.1" Profile Publications, 1965.
  • Bruce, J.M. "Sopwith Camel: Historic Military Aircraft No 10: Part I." Flight, 22 April 1955, pp. 527–532.
  • Bruce, J.M. "Sopwith Camel: Historic Military Aircraft No 10: Part II." Flight, 29 April 1955. pp. 560–563.
  • Bruce, J.M. War Planes of the First World War: Volume Two Fighters. London:Macdonald, 1968. ISBN 0 356 0143 8.
  • Clark, Alan. Aces High: The War In The Air Over The Western Front 1914 - 1918. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1973. ISBN 0-297-99464-6.
  • Davis, Mick. Sopwith Aircraft. Ramsbury, Malborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. ISBN 1-86126-217-5.
  • Ellis, Ken. Wrecks & Relics, 21st edition. Manchester, UK: Crecy Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0-85979-134-2.
  • Guttman, Jon: "Sopwith Camel (Air Vanguard ; 3)". Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-78096-176-7.
  • Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft 1919-1972: Volume III. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-818-6.
  • Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter. London: Putnam, 1992. ISBN 0 85177 852 6
  • Ralph, Wayne. Barker VC: The Classic Story of a Legendary First World War Hero. London: Grub Street, 1999. ISBN 1-902304-31-4.
  • Robertson, Bruce. Sopwith: The Man and His Aircraft. London: Harleyford, 1970. ISBN 0-900435-15-1.
  • Sturtivant, Ray and Gordon Page. The Camel File. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1993. ISBN 0-85130-212-2.
  • United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
  • Williams, Anthony G. and Emmanuel Gustin. Flying Guns: World War I and its Aftermath 1914–32. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: Airlife, 2003. ISBN 1-84037-396-2.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. "Sopwith Camel." Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-641-3.

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