Roda dos expostos

"La guardia alla ruota dei trovatelli" de Gioacchino Toma (1846-1891).

A roda dos expostos ou roda dos enjeitados consistia num mecanismo utilizado para abandonar (expor ou enjeitar na linguagem da época) recém-nascidos que ficavam ao cuidado de instituições de caridade.

O mecanismo, em forma de tambor ou portinhola giratória,[1] embutido numa parede, era construído de tal forma que aquele que expunha a criança não era visto por aquele que a recebia.

Esse modelo de acolhimento ganhou inúmeros adeptos por toda a Europa, principalmente a católica, a partir do século XVI.[1]

Em Portugal

Roda dos expostos (Recolhimento de Santa Maria Madalena, Ilha de Santa Maria (Açores), Portugal).

Em Portugal, as rodas espalharam-se a partir de 1498 com o surgimento das irmandades da Misericórdia, financiadas pelos Senados das Câmaras.[1]

A Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa foi pioneira neste dispositivo.[2] Ao lado existia uma pequena capela onde as crianças eram imediatamente batizadas, ao entrarem.

Segundo as Ordenações Manuelinas de 1521 e confirmadas pelas Ordenações Filipinas de 1603, as Câmaras deveriam arcar com o custo de criação do enjeitado nascido sob a sua jurisdição, caso esta não tivesse a Casa dos Expostos e nem a Roda dos Expostos.[1][2] A Câmara teria essa obrigação até que o exposto completasse sete anos de idade.[2]

A última mulher executada em Portugal, que aconteceu em 1 de julho de 1772, foi uma rapariga com 22 anos, chamada Luísa de Jesus, que matava os bebés que adoptava, que tinham sido expostos na roda, com o intuito de se apoderar do enxoval da criança e embolsar os 600 réis que eram dados nessa altura.

Em 21 de Novembro de 1866, foi decretada a extinção da Roda dos Expostos em todo o país. A Roda dos Expostos de Lisboa só foi efetivamente extinta alguns anos mais tarde.

No Brasil

As primeiras Santas Casas de Misericórdia da América Portuguesa que receberem a roda dos expostos foram as de Salvador (1726) e a do Rio de Janeiro (1738).[2]

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ a b c d Franco, Renato. (1 de outubro de 2010). Rejeitados, jamais. Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional, acesso em 16 de outubro de 2010
  2. ↑ a b c d Ferreira, Luciana Vieira. A criação de enjeitados em Vila Rica: a permanência da caridade (1775-1850). II Encontro Memorial do ICHS da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 2009

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