Reformas cluníacas

As Reformas cluníacas foram uma série de mudanças realizadas no monasticismo da Igreja ocidental cujo objetivo era restaurar os princípios tradicionais da vida monástica, encorajando a arte e o cuidado pastoral com os pobres. O movimento começou na Abadia de Clúnia em 910 com o duque Guilherme I (r. 875–918), no seio da Ordem dos Beneditinos. As reformas, realizadas principalmente por Santo Odão (c. 878–942), se espalharam pelo Reino da França (Borgonha, Provença, Auvérnia e Poitou), pelo Reino da Inglaterra e através dos territórios modernos da Itália e da Espanha.[1]

Corrupção

O ímpeto pelas reformas foi a corrupção dentro da Igreja, particularmente por causa da simonia e do concubinato no clero. Acreditava-se que estes abusos eram resultado da interferência secular nos mosteiros e da íntima integração da Igreja com os sistemas feudal e senhorial.[2] Na mesma época, o papado desejava reafirmar seu controle sobre o clero e acabar com a investidura de bispos por monarcas seculares (vide Controvérsia das investiduras).[3] Como um mosteiro beneditino precisava de terras, era necessário o patrocínio de um senhor local. Porém, o senhor geralmente exigia direitos e afirmava prerrogativas de interferir com a operação futura do mosteiro.[4] A reforma cluníaca foi uma tentativa de remediar estas práticas na esperança de que um abade mais independente seria capaz de reforçar de forma melhor a "Regra de São Bento".

Reforma

Guilherme formou o primeiro mosteiro de Clúnia em 910 com a novidade de que este mosteiro iria se reportar diretamente ao papa e não ao senhor local. Isto significava que o mosteiro seria essencialmente uma entidade independente. Além disso, o Abade de Clúnia manteria a autoridade sobre as casas dependentes que sua ordem fundasse. Já no século XII, a congregação de Clúnia, incluía mais de mil mosteiros.[5]

Entre os mais notáveis aliados das reformas estavam o papa Urbano II,[6] Lamberto de Hersfeld e Ricardo de Verdun. As reformas encorajaram a Igreja ocidental a prestar mais atenção aos seus próprios assuntos e levou o papado a tentar reafirmar seu controle sobre a Igreja Ortodoxa.[7]

Resultado

Durante o auge das reformas (ca. 950–ca. 1130), o movimento cluníaco era uma das mais importantes forças religiosas da Europa.[8] Pelo menos tão importante quanto suas consequências políticas, as reformas exigiam uma maior devoção religiosa. Os cluníacos apoiavam a Paz de Deus e promoviam peregrinações à Terra Santa.[4]

em 1075, Roberto de Molesme, um monge de Clúnia obteve permissão do papa Gregório VII para fundar um mosteiro em Molesme, na Borgonha. Ali, Roberto tentou restaurar a prática monástica ao caráter simples e severo da regra original de São Bento, um movimento que ficou conhecido como "Estrita Observância". Com sucesso apenas parcial em Molesme, Roberto, em 1098, liderou um grupo de 21 monges de sua abadia a fundar um novo mosteiro. Eles adquiriram um pedaço de terra pantanoso ao sul de Dijon chamado Citeaux (em latim: Cistercium) e começaram a construir um novo mosteiro que se tornaria a Abadia de Cister, a abadia-mãe da nova Ordem Cisterciense.[9]

Ver também

Referências

  1. Justus.Anglican.org
  2. «900 - 1100». Consultado em 25 de novembro de 2008. Arquivado do original em 1 de dezembro de 2008 
  3. «Papal Monarchy». Consultado em 25 de novembro de 2008. Arquivado do original em 28 de junho de 2008 
  4. a b Cluny and Ecc. Reform
  5. Chambers, Mortimer (1974). The Western Experience. [S.l.]: Knopf. pp. 269–283. ISBN 0-394-31733-5 
  6. «UWGB.edu». Consultado em 8 de setembro de 2014. Arquivado do original em 3 de janeiro de 2007 
  7. «The Crusades». Consultado em 8 de setembro de 2014. Arquivado do original em 3 de janeiro de 2007 
  8. The Columbia Encyclopedia
  9. Tobin, pp 29, 33, 36.

Bibliografia

  • R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages, London: Penguin Books, 1970.

Ligações externas

Read other articles:

Impero romano d'Oriente oImpero bizantino (dettagli) (dettagli) Motto: «Вασιλεύς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων»(Basiléus Basiléōn, Basiléuōn Basileuòntōn)Re dei Re, Regnante dei Regnanti(Sotto i Paleologi, 1259-1453) Impero romano d'Oriente oImpero bizantino - LocalizzazioneL'Impero romano d'Oriente attorno al 565, dopo la riconquista dell'occidente voluta da Giustiniano (527-565) Dati amministrativiNome completoImpero romano d'Oriente Nome uffi...

 

 

Faces of Fear Paperback editionAuthorJohn SaulCountry United StatesLanguageEnglishGenreNovelPublisherBallantine BooksPublication dateAugust 12, 2008Media typePrint (hardcover & paperback)Pages324ISBN978-0-345-48705-6Preceded byThe Devil's Labyrinth Followed byHouse of Reckoning  Faces of Fear is a thriller horror novel by John Saul, published by Ballantine Books on August 12, 2008. The novel follows the story of teenage Alison Shaw, who finds a shocking backg...

 

 

Conrad HelfrichHelfrich pada 1946Lahir(1886-10-11)11 Oktober 1886Semarang, Hindia BelandaMeninggal20 September 1962(1962-09-20) (umur 75)Den Haag, BelandaPengabdian BelandaDinas/cabang Angkatan Laut Kerajaan BelandaLama dinas1907–1949Pangkat Letnan LaksamanaKomandanABDAFLOATPerang/pertempuranPerang Dunia II Kampanye Hindia Belanda Revolusi Nasional IndonesiaPenghargaanKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands LionCommander of the Order of Orange-NassauKnight Commande...

Current delegationMarco Rubio (R)Rick Scott (R) Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845, and elects its U.S. senators to class 1 and class 3. Florida's U.S. Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861, due to its secession from the Union. They were filled again in July 1868. The state is currently represented by Republicans Marco Rubio (serving since 2011) and Rick Scott (serving since 2019). Duncan U. Fletcher was Florida's longest-serving senator (1909–1936). Florida is on...

 

 

Christian saint SaintAngela MericiSt. Angela Merici Teaching by Pietro Calzavacca (mid-19th century)Virgin and foundressBorn21 March 1474Desenzano del Garda, Province of Brescia, Republic of VeniceDied27 January 1540(1540-01-27) (aged 65)Brescia, Republic of VeniceBeatified30 April 1768, Rome, Papal States, by Pope Clement XIIICanonized24 May 1807, Rome, Papal States, by Pope Pius VIIMajor shrineSanctuary of St. Angela Merici, Brescia, ItalyFeast27 January; 31 May (1861–1955); 1 June (...

 

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2023) محتوى هذه المقالة بحاجة للتحديث. فضلًا، ساعد بتحديثه ليعكس الأحداث الأخيرة وليشمل المعلومات الموثوقة المت...

Warren CookCook (kiri) dalam The Immigrant (1917)Lahir(1878-05-23)23 Mei 1878Boston, MassachusettsMeninggal2 Mei 1939(1939-05-02) (umur 60)New York, New YorkPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1914-1927 Warren Cook (23 Mei 1878 – 2 Mei 1939) adalah seorang pemeran film Amerika Serikat pada era film bisu. Cook lahir di Boston, Massachusetts. Pada 1901, ia tampil dalam The Shaughraun di Castle Square Theatre, Boston. Ia merupakan bagian dari perusahaan saham yang berbasis di C...

 

 

غاليا تقسيم إداري البلد اليونان  [1] خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 35°04′33″N 24°52′10″E / 35.07583°N 24.86944°E / 35.07583; 24.86944   الارتفاع 250 متر  السكان التعداد السكاني 805 (resident population of Greece) (2021)906 (resident population of Greece) (2001)1013 (resident population of Greece) (1991)790 (resident population of Greece) (2011)  معلوما�...

 

 

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Vieng Narumon – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Vieng NarumonLahirNaruemon Pholputtha11 Januari 1991 (umur 33) Roi Et, ThailandKebangsaan ThailandPekerjaanPenyanyiDikenal atas...

 

 

Canadian astronaut and politician (born 1949) The HonourableMarc GarneauPC CC CDGarneau in 2018Minister of Foreign AffairsIn officeJanuary 12, 2021 – October 26, 2021Prime MinisterJustin TrudeauPreceded byFrançois-Philippe ChampagneSucceeded byMélanie JolyMinister of TransportIn officeNovember 4, 2015 – January 12, 2021Prime MinisterJustin TrudeauPreceded byLisa RaittSucceeded byOmar AlghabraMember of Parliamentfor Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount(Westmount—V...

 

 

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Hati (disambiguasi). artikel mengandung terlalu banyak istilah teknis. Tolong bantu mengembangkannya agar dapat dipahami oleh orang awam, tanpa harus menghilangkan aspek teknisnya. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) HatiHati manusiaGambar organ dalam manusia, hati (bahasa Inggris: liver) terletak di tengah.RincianSarafceliac ganglia, vagus[1]PengidentifikasiBahasa Latinjecur, iecerMeSHD008099TA98A05.8.01.001TA23023FMA7197...

Cricket governing body in Tamil Nadu state, India Tamil Nadu Cricket AssociationSportCricketJurisdictionTamil NaduAbbreviationTNCAFounded1932 (1932)AffiliationBoard of Control for Cricket in IndiaHeadquartersM.A. Chidambaram StadiumLocationChennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPresidentDr. P. Ashok Sigamani SecretaryShri R. I. PalaniOfficial websitetnca.cricket The Tamil Nadu Cricket Association (TNCA) is the governing body of cricket activities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is affiliated wi...

 

 

拉米兹·阿利雅Ramiz Alia第1任阿尔巴尼亚總統任期1991年4月30日—1992年4月9日继任萨利·贝里沙阿尔巴尼亚人民议会主席团主席任期1982年11月22日—1991年4月30日前任哈奇·列希继任转任总统阿尔巴尼亚劳动党第一书记任期1985年4月13日—1991年5月4日前任恩维尔·霍查继任无(政党解散) 个人资料出生(1925-10-18)1925年10月18日 阿尔巴尼亚斯库台逝世2011年10月17日(2011歲—10—17)(85�...

 

 

Basilika Minor Anak KudusBasílica Minore del Santo Niño de CebúBasílica Minore del Santo Niño de CebúBasilika Minor Anak KudusLokasi di Filipina10°17′38″N 123°54′5″E / 10.29389°N 123.90139°E / 10.29389; 123.90139Koordinat: 10°17′38″N 123°54′5″E / 10.29389°N 123.90139°E / 10.29389; 123.90139LokasiKota CebuNegaraFilipinaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaSitus webSitus web resmiSejarahNama sebelumnyaGereja dan Konven Santo ...

Bilateral relationsAntigua and Barbuda-United States relations Antigua and Barbuda United States The US delivers coronavirus vaccines to Antigua and Barbuda as part of the COVAX program in 2021 Relations between Antigua and Barbuda and the United States have been friendly since Antigua and Barbuda's independence from the United Kingdom in 1981. The United States has supported the government of Antigua and Barbuda's effort to expand its economic base and to improve its citizens' standard of li...

 

 

Writing system of the ancient Near East For other uses, see Cuneiform (disambiguation). This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (March 2024) CuneiformA trilingual cuneiform inscription of Xerxes I ...

 

 

Music DiaryAlbum studio karya Deasy NatalinaDirilis28 November, 2014GenrepopLabelDiratama RecordCitra SuaraKronologi Deasy Natalina -String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Music Diary (2014) -String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Music Diary merupakan sebuah album musik perdana karya penyanyi berkebangsaan Indonesia, Deasy Natalina, yang dirilis tahun 2014. Beberapa lagu yang diandalkan antara lain “Hati Selembut Salju...

Republic of Russia For other uses, see Dagestan (disambiguation). Dağıstan redirects here. For the neighbourhood in Ceyhan, Turkey, see Dağıstan, Ceyhan. Republic in North Caucasian, RussiaRepublic of DagestanRepublicРеспублика Дагестан 13 other official names Avar:Дагъистан ЖумгьуриятDargin:Дагъистан РеспубликаKumyk:Дагъыстан ЖумгьуриятLezgian:Дагъустандин РеспубликаLak:Дагъусттанн...

 

 

الأسرة المصرية الثامنة والعشرون بردية آرامية يعود تاريخها إلى السنة الخامسة من حكم أميرتايوس (400 قبل الميلاد). عاصمة تل الربع نظام الحكم ملكية مطلقة اللغة الرسمية اللغة المصرية الديانة ديانة قدماء المصريين التاريخ تعديل مصدري - تعديل   الأسرة الثامنة والعشرون هي السلال�...