Reação nuclear

Exemplo de reação nuclear

Reação nuclear ou Reacção nuclear, em Física Nuclear, é qualquer reação em que ocorra modificação de um ou mais núcleos atômicos, onde dois ou mais átomos se unem ou um átomo sofre fissão nuclear. Tal reação não deve ser confundida com uma reação química, ocorre com os elétrons periféricos do átomo.

Uma reação nuclear pode ser representada por uma equação similar a uma equação química, e balanceada de uma maneira análoga. O decaimento nuclear, embora não seja uma reação no sentido estrito da palavra, pode ser representado da mesma maneira.

Propriedades básicas

Uma equação que envolve propriedades de núcleos atômicos deve conter propriedades como número atômico) e (número de massa) e as somas de índices inferiores e superiores representando estas grandezas respectivamente , devem ser a mesma nos dois lados da equação.

A representação de desintegração radioativa primária do rádio:

Processos nucleares podem ser representados por notações que envolvam uma partícula leve , usada como projétil assim como uma partícula leve usada como produto de uma reação nuclear, ambas serão representadas por símbolos indicando o núcleo inicial e o núcleo final, produto da reação.

Os símbolos são usados -frequentemente - para se representar nêutrons, prótons, dêuterons, partículas alfa, elétrons e raios gama (fótons), respectivamente.

A seguir, temos exemplos de notação longa e sua correspondente notação condensada para várias reações:

O nêutron serve de agente nas reações nucleares, devido ao fato de não sofrer repulsão de força coulombiana e, portanto, uma de suas propriedades é não sofrer influências vindas dos núcleos. O próton, por ser carregado, precisa ter uma energia cinética inicial suficiente para vencer a força coulombiana.

Considerando o núcleo, . Seu número atômico é 6 e, portanto, contém 6 prótons e 6 nêutrons. Esse núcleo, como a maior parte dos núcleos leves , tem o mesmo número de prótons e nêutrons.

Já núcleos mais pesados, como, por exemplo, , contêm mais nêutrons do que prótons (125 e 82, respectivamente). Esse fato, ajuda a explicar como núcleos atômicos se mantém estáveis. Se apenas houvesse prótons seria impossível sua estabilidade.

A força coulombiana é contrabalanceada através da força entre prótons e nêutrons o que sugere que a força nuclear seja contrária à coulombiana.

A não existência de núcleos massivos e enormes na natureza é devido à força nuclear, embora mais intensa que a coulombiana, sendo de curto alcance

.

Assim um próton em um núcleo estável vai sofrer repulsão de outros prótons , mas concomitantemente atração de nêutrons.

Dessa forma, existe um limite a partir do qual a repulsão coulombiana supera a atração nuclear. É também por isso que os núcleos mais pesados possuem mais nêutrons.[1]

Exemplo

A meia-vida do rádio é de 1620 anos. Quantos átomos de rádio irão decair em 1 segundo dado uma amostra de 1 grama? (A Massa atômica do rádio é 226 kg/kmol)

Uma amostra de 1g contém 1/226 mol átomos , ou seja,

Sua constante de decaimento será igual à:

Então , de , temos que

é o número de desintegrações por segundo de um grama de rádio.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Feynman; Mathew Sands (2008). Lições de Física de Feynman Edição Definitiva, A ed. [S.l.]: Bookman. 1798 páginas. ISBN 9788577802593 

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