Primeira Guerra do Eslésvico

Primeira Guerra do Eslésvico

Tropas dinamarquesas marchando em Copenhague em 1849, por Otto Bache (1894).
Data 24 de Março de 18488 de Maio de 1852.
Local Ducado de Eslésvico e Jutlândia.
Desfecho Vitória da Dinamarca
Mudanças territoriais A Dinamarca mantém o control da região de Eslésvico-Holsácia
Beligerantes
Confederação Germânica:  Dinamarca
Baixas
1 284 mortos
4 675 feridos
2 128 mortos
5 797 feridos
Ao todo, 3 412 mortos

A Primeira Guerra do Eslésvico[1] (em alemão: Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg; em sueco: Slesvig-holsteinska kriget), também chamada Guerra dos Três Anos (em dinamarquês: Treårskrigen), foi o primeiro dos conflitos militares no sul da Dinamarca e no norte da Alemanha provocados pela Questão dos Ducados, uma disputa pelo controle dos ducados do Eslésvico e Holsácia.

A Questão dos Ducados

Eslésvico era um ducado soberano (i.e., formalmente independente), de maioria dinamarquesa, vinculado à coroa da Dinamarca por uma União Pessoal e por laços feudais. Já Holsácia era um ducado soberano, de maioria alemã, que integrara o Sacro Império Romano-Germânico (e, de 1815 a 1864, a Liga Alemã), mas ligado à Dinamarca por uma União Pessoal desde o século XV. Em outras palavras, o rei da Dinamarca era o duque de Eslésvico e da Holsácia, territórios governados na prática pelos dinamarqueses. O chamado Tratado de Ribe (1460) dispunha que os dois ducados não poderiam ser separados.

A extinção da linhagem real masculina da Dinamarca, com a morte do rei Frederico VII da Dinamarca, criou para os dinamarqueses o problema de como manter o seu controle sobre o Eslésvico-Holsácia, cobiçado por advogados da unificação Alemã (as regras sucessórias dos ducados - que adotavam a lei sálica - diferiam das dinamarquesas em caso de inexistência de herdeiro varão).

Em seguida à agitação causada pelas Revoluções de 1848 (e com a questão sucessória dos ducados em mente), Frederico promulgou uma constituição democrática comum à Dinamarca e a Eslésvico, provocando um movimento separatista nos ducados, apoiado pela Prússia, que levou à eclosão da Primeira Guerra de Eslésvico.

A guerra

Em março de 1848, a grande maioria alemã de Eslésvico-Holsácia rebelou-se contra a Dinamarca e buscou a independência frente a esta última, para associá-los à Confederação Germânica. Uma intervenção militar do Reino da Prússia em favor da revolta expulsou as tropas dinamarquesas dos ducados.

A guerra, que durou de 1848 a 1851, terminou quando as grandes potências europeias pressionaram a Prússia a aceitar o Protocolo de Londres de 1852. Nos termos deste acordo de paz, a Confederação Germânica devolvia Eslésvico-Holsácia à Dinamarca. Em troca, num acordo com a Prússia, a Dinamarca comprometeu-se a não criar laços adicionais com o Eslésvico mais fortes do que os deste último com o Holsácia.

O resultado da guerra, portanto, não foi conclusivo e um novo conflito eclodiu-se em 1864, a Segunda Guerra do Eslésvico, também chamada Guerra dos Ducados, que foi parte da unificação da Alemanha. A unificação total dos estados germânicos ocorreria em 1871, ao fim da Guerra Franco-Prussiana.

Referências

  1. Fernandes, Ivo Xavier (1941). Topónimos e Gentílicos. I. Porto: Editora Educação Nacional, Lda. 

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