Placa de Peyer

Em análises histológicas podem ser identificados vários folículos linfoides ovalados no intestino. Cada um deles é uma placa de peyer.[1]

Placas de Peyer ou Conglomerados Linfonodulares Ileais são agregados de nódulos linfáticos que constituem um componente principal do tecido linfático associado ao intestino (GALT) e são particularmente grandes no Íleo, onde se encontram principalmente na parte do intestino oposta ao mesentério (borde anti-mesentérico intestinal).[2]

Aparência

Placas de Peyer possuem alguns centímetros, logo podem ser identificados mesmo sem ajuda de instrumentos. São tecidos ovalados e densos localizados na membrana mucosa do intestino, formando áreas alongadas e a sua superfície está livre das vilosidades e depressões (glândulas Lieberkühn) que caracterizam a parede intestinal.[2]

Quantidade

Normalmente, há apenas 30 a 40 manchas em cada indivíduo (Compartimentos Foliculares). Em adultos jovens costumam ser mais numerosos, mas conforme a pessoa envelhece eles tendem a desaparecer aos poucos deixando o intestino cada vez mais vulnerável a infecções.[2]

Função

Fazem parte do Tecido Linfóide Associado ao Intestino (em inglês Gut Associated Linfoid Tissue ou GALT). Como possuem capacidade de transportar os antígenos luminais e bactérias podem ser considerados como os sensores do sistema imunológico do intestino.[3]

Placas de Peyer (PP) podem induzir tolerância imunológica ou de defesa contra antígenos utilizando uma complexa interação entre células do sistema imunológico localizadas nos folículos linfoides e no epitélio folicular associado. Esta comunicação celular parece ser regulada, por receptores de reconhecimento de patógenos, especialmente o NOD2. Embora o TLR tenha um papel limitado na homeostase, o Nod2 regula o número, o tamanho e composição de células T de PPs, em resposta à microbiota intestinal. Por sua vez, as células T CD4+ presentes no PP são capazes de modular a permeabilidade paracelular e intracelular.[3]

Patologias

Na febre tifoide, essas manchas podem tornar-se locais de inflamação, no caso em que podem evoluir para ulcerações, hemorragias ou perfurações.[2]

Duas desordens humanas, doença de Crohn e patologias do tipo "enxerto-versus-hospedeiro" provavelmente ​​são acionadas por uma resposta anormal da biota comensal associadas com a disfunção da Placa de Peyers e mutações do NOD2.[3]

Etimologia

Nomeados no século XVII em homenagem ao anatomista suíço Johann Conrad Peyer.[2]

Referências

  1. ↑ patch
  2. ↑ a b c d e http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454716/Peyer-patch
  3. ↑ a b c Camille Jung, Jean-Pierre Hugot, and Frédérick Barreau, “Peyer's Patches: The Immune Sensors of the Intestine,” International Journal of Inflammation, vol. 2010, Article ID 823710, 12 pages, 2010. doi:10.4061/2010/823710

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